53 results for “empire”
Clear filter...cation called by an emperor seeking religious unity for his empire, and it resolved its central theological dispute by vote an...
...titutional triumph of Trinitarian Christianity in the Roman Empire, history records that communities holding to a stricter mon...
The Battle of Ajnadayn was one of the first major Muslim victories in Syria-Palestine, fought between a unified Muslim army and a large Byzantine force. Khalid
The Battle of Yarmouk was one of the most consequential battles in world history, deciding the fate of the entire Levant. Emperor Heraclius sent a massive Byzan
The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah was the decisive engagement that broke Sasanid Persian power in Iraq and opened all of Mesopotamia to the Muslims. Sa'd ibn Abi Waqq
After Qadisiyyah, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas advanced on Ctesiphon, the Sasanid imperial capital and one of the greatest cities of the ancient world. The Muslim army c
...antine rule over Egypt, one of the richest provinces of the empire.
...h al-Futuh), was the final major battle against the Sasanid Empire. Emperor Yazdegerd III had assembled a last great Sasanid a...
The Battle of the Masts was the first great Muslim naval battle and one of the most significant sea battles in the medieval Mediterranean. Emperor Constans II p
...ng Syria as the political and military heartland of the new empire. His administrative genius was undeniable: he created the f...
...d reduced dependency on the fiscal systems of the conquered empires. Abd al-Malik also Arabized the administrative apparatus: ...
... Frankish kingdoms to the north and the remaining Byzantine Empire and would reverberate through European political calculatio...
...ued for sixty years. He instructed governors throughout the empire to treat non-Arab converts (mawali) with full equality as M...
... France, though they encountered increasing resistance. The empire's revenue was carefully managed, and Hisham was known for h...
... fighting civil wars and attempting to hold the fragmenting empire together. He had reorganized the Umayyad army in a more eff...
...were the most ethnically and culturally complex part of the empire and proved the most difficult to govern. The period spannin...
...e, Baghdad flourished as the world's greatest city, and the empire's treasury was filled by thriving trade networks stretching...
...was the first major Muslim engagement against the Byzantine Empire, fought in what is today southern Jordan. The Prophet ﷺ dis...
The Expedition of Tabuk was the largest military mobilisation during the Prophet's ﷺ lifetime, involving approximately 30,000 soldiers who marched to the northe
... in the Muslim conquest of Iraq against the Sasanid Persian Empire. Khalid ibn al-Walid's force of approximately 18,000 faced ...
The Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah was among the most consequential engagements in world history, effectively ending Sasanid Persian dominance in Mesopotamia. Sa'd ibn
The Battle of Yarmouk was one of the most decisive military engagements in medieval history, ending Byzantine control of the Levant. The Byzantine Emperor Herac
The Battle of Nahavand, known in Arabic sources as 'Fath al-Futuh' (Conquest of Conquests), was the decisive final engagement that broke the last organised Sasa
... of Egypt, one of the wealthiest provinces of the Byzantine Empire and the breadbasket of the ancient world. Amr ibn al-As had...
...sh between the expanding Islamic world and the Tang Chinese Empire at the far reaches of Central Asia. The battle arose from a...
The Battle of the Indus was the final stand of Jalal al-Din Mangburni, the last Khwarazmian sultan, against the Mongol horde of Genghis Khan. The Mongol invasio
The Mongol sack of Baghdad in February 1258 was among the most catastrophic events in Islamic history, bringing to an end the Abbasid Caliphate which had been t
...erailing Ottoman expansion. Timur had been building his own empire in Central Asia and Persia, and had clashed with Bayezid ov...
... a church — into a mosque. His conquest ended the Byzantine Empire after over a millennium, shifting the centre of power and m...
...haldiran was the decisive confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the newly established Safavid dynasty of Persia, with p...
The Battle of Vienna in 1683 was the decisive defeat that ended Ottoman expansion into Central Europe and marked the beginning of the long Ottoman strategic ret
The Battle of Ajnadayn was the first major Muslim engagement against a large Byzantine army in Palestine and opened the way for the subsequent conquest of the L
...rritory into the heartland of what would become the Ottoman Empire.
The First Battle of Panipat established the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. Babur, a prince of Timurid-Chag...
...le of the Iraq conquests and demonstrated that the Sassanid Empire, weakened by decades of war with Byzantium, could be defeat...
...conquests — the fall of the capital of the Sassanid Persian Empire. After the decisive Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, Sa'd ibn Abi W...
...ial expansion in Islamic history. He conquered the Sassanid Empire, took the Levant and Egypt from Byzantines, established the...
...fierce fighting. This battle effectively ended the Sassanid Empire and opened Persia to Islam.
Uthman expanded the Islamic empire to its greatest extent under the Rashidun, conquered Armeni...
...ina, establishing the first Muslim contact with the Chinese empire. Over the following centuries, Arab and Persian traders set...
...y in Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Ottoman Empire. His major work Kitab al-Tawhid systematized orthodox Sunni...
...ough trans-Saharan trade routes and scholarly networks. The empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai embraced Islam, with Mansa Mus...
Genghis Khan invaded the Khwarezmian Empire, systematically destroying Bukhara, Samarkand, Balkh, Nisha...
The Mali Empire under Mansa Musa and successors was a major center of Islam...
Mansa Musa, the Muslim emperor of the Mali Empire, undertook his famous pilgrimage to Mecca with a caravan of...
Under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire reached its zenith. The empire stretched from Hungary to Ye...
Babur founded the Mughal Empire in India. Under Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb,...
...ated the Delhi Sultan at Panipat and established the Mughal Empire, which would rule India for over three centuries.
...y issues, it demonstrated the military power of the Ottoman Empire at its peak and shaped European-Ottoman relations for centu...
... naval dominance in the Mediterranean. However, the Ottoman Empire remained a major power for centuries after.
The Ottoman Tanzimat reforms attempted to modernize the empire through legal, educational, and administrative changes.
The Ottoman Empire, having entered World War I on the side of the Central Powe...
Under the Mali and Songhai Empires, Timbuktu became one of the greatest centers of Islamic le...