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... as a base for ongoing military operations and a centre for Islamic governance. It grew into a major port, a hub of Arab tribal settlement...
...iphate and the end of the Rashidun era — a golden period of Islamic governance characterised by shura, personal piety, and direct connecti...
...3 AH. His reforms are among the most consequential in early Islamic governance. Most significantly, he replaced Byzantine and Sassanid coi...
...into a model of how a Muslim-majority country could combine Islamic governance with economic modernization.
...tions for the entire Muslim world, reigniting debates about Islamic governance, the role of religion in politics, and sectarian dynamics.