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...a, South Asia, the Balkans, and historically in the Ottoman Caliphate.
...ctions (free will over divine predestination). The 'Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun imposed their doctrine as state creed in the Mihn...
...ayd ibn Ali ibn al-Husayn, who revolted against the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 740 CE. Of all the Shia groups, ...
...al-Nabhani (1909–1977 CE). Aims to re-establish the Islamic Caliphate through political work, explicitly rejecting armed jihad...
... Islam in 1017 CE, founded by Hamza ibn Ali and the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (who declared himself divine). Incorp...