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... filled by thriving trade networks stretching from China to Spain. Harun patronized poets, scholars, musicians, and jurists —...
The conquest of Al-Andalus was one of the most rapid territorial acquisitions in Islamic history. Tariq ibn Ziyad, a freed slave who had risen to command in Nor
The Battle of Lepanto was the largest naval engagement of the 16th century and the most significant Ottoman naval defeat, ending Ottoman expansion in the wester
...us after the death of Ali. The Umayyads expanded Islam from Spain to Central Asia, built the Dome of the Rock, and Arabized t...
Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed the strait with 7,000 soldiers and defeated the Visigothic King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete. Within seven years, most of the Iber
...f the Zahiri (literalist) school, died in exile in southern Spain. His encyclopedic works include al-Muhalla (comparative fiq...
The last Muslim kingdom in Spain, Granada, surrendered to Ferdinand and Isabella. Sultan Abu...
...philosophical texts into Latin, particularly through Muslim Spain and Sicily. Works of al-Khwarizmi, Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, al-...