66. The Prophet's safeguarding of Tauhid

67. ("They made not a just estimate of Allah...")

In the Name of Allah, The most Beneficent, The Most Merciful Publishers Note Sheikh-ul-Islam, Muhammad bin Abdul-Wahhab, was a renowned religious scholar and a great reformer of his times. He held a unique and unparalleled position as an exponent of Quran, Hadith and different branches of knowledge. With his intellect and a deep grasp over the religious learning, he impressed the high ranking contemporary scholars and brought them around his own viewpoints. In his works, Sheikh-ul-Islam has not only elaborated the Quran and Sunnah, but has also uprooted the polytheistic views and has made a hard struggle to eradicate the heresies and accretions. His writing Kitab At-Tauhid is one of the best books on the subject of Tauhid (Islamic Monotheism) and ranks high in authenticity. Till date it has gone through various publications; and had been the means for guidance of the millions of people throughout the world; by taking them out of the darkness of polytheism and error. The main object, Sheikh-ul-Islam had before him in writing this book, was to acquaint the Islamic world with the basic teachings of the Quran and Sunnah; contradict the prevailing but absurd beliefs and customs not supported by the traditions of the Prophet (May the peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) and to base the Faith and actions on the lucid and clear Islamic rulings and commandments that lead the Muslims to the success and salvation, here and in Hereafter. So to achieve the object, in this book, he has discussed all the relevant verses reasonably, rationally and sincerely; and has placed the essence of the Quran and Sunnah in a very simple and appealing manner. And this is the reason that the right persons, beyond group ism and prejudices, have been adopting the correct Islamic paththe path of the Quran and Sunnah -under the influence of the basic facts and proofs produced herein. If Allah willed, this book would also be undoubtedly proving beneficial in all the times to come. All praise is to Allah that Dar-us-Salam Publications, guided by its own commitment to serve the Quran and Sunnah and to transmit the Islamic Monotheism to the learned class of the society, is having this auspicious opportunity to publish the book into English with a lucid and eloquent translation. Obviously, it is a very difficult task to translate the (May Allah be pleased with him) text into English, as the grammar, syntax and cultural backgrounds of these two languages are entirely different. Yet it has been my sincere and constant effort to convey the exposition, thoughts, feelings, views and message of Sheikh-ul-Islam into English with as exactness and accuracy as could be possible. Even then, there may be still some shortcomings. In this regard all suggestions for improvement of the contents will be highly appreciated.

It gives us pleasure to express our thanks to the brothers who have exerted their best endeavors to present the book in high esteem of the readers. We pray for them and their prosperity, in this world and in the Hereafter. Though this book has been published into English earlier also, it is hoped that this new English translation would certainly not only be appreciated owing to its simplicity, eloquence, and being comprehensive and intelligible to all; rather it would be highly helpful in guiding the Muslims desiring cognizance of Tauhid and the fundamentals of Shariah. Abdul Malik Mujahid General Manager Dar-us-Salam Publications

Sheikh-ul-Islam Muhammad bin Abdul-Wahhab A renowned Reviver and a great Reformer His Birth and Lineage Sheikh-ul-Islam, Muhammad bin Abdul-Wahhab, was born in 1115 H. in the city of Uyainah, seventy kilometers northwest of Riyadh, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He belonged to a highly respectable and scholarly family; his father Sheikh Abdul-Wahhab bin Sulaiman, characterized by his profound scholarship and righteousness, inherited an exalted status from his ancestor Sheikh Sulaiman bin Ali, the chief of the scholars and well versed in teaching, writing and giving verdict. Education Sheikh-ul-Islam acquired his primary education from his esteemed father at his native place and was nurtured under his guidance. He was intelligent enough to memorize the Quran by heart at the very tender age of ten only. He read the books on Tafseer (exegesis), Hadith and Fiqh. From the very outset, he was greatly interested in studying the works of early scholars, particularly those of Sheikh-ul-Islam Ibn Taimiyah and his noble disciple Allamah Ibn Qaiyim. He went through all those books and well grasped the contents. On attaining the age of maturity, he set out to perform Hajj at Makkah and derived benefits from the scholars there. He then proceeded to Al-Madinah, met the learned ones there, and adopted the studentship of two renowned erudite, Sheikh Abdullah bin Ibrahim bin Sa'id Najdi and Sheikh Muhammad Hayat Sindhi for a long period. Out of the curiosity for higher education, he took also the journey to Iraq and Basrah and got himself benefited there. Condition of Najd In those days, the people of Najd were badly indulged in polytheistic deeds and un-Islamic practices. They were completely overwhelmed with polytheism. The graves, trees, stones, caves, evil spirits and insane persons were regarded as deities. The baseless stories and tales were ascribed to them to manifest their excellence. The worldly Ulama too had misguided them for the fulfillment of their materialistic lust. The soothsayers and magicians were having their influence over the society. None could dare challenge their holds on the commoners. Same condition was prevailing in both Makkah and Al-Madinah also. Yemen was also in the same line. Polytheism, erection of structures on the graves, seeking refuge and assistance of the dead, saints and jinns were the common religious features. Mission of dawah Having studied this pitiable condition of the nation, Sheikh was highly moved. More pitiable was the situation that no one was ready to take trouble to guide the people to the Right Path. It is obvious that to take this task meant to challenge those evildoers who had) their provisions

through these practices. It meant to make oneself prepared to face every torture and atrocities from these selfish misguiders and their followers. But Sheikh resolved to make every effort to fight against the circumstances up to the extent of Jihad. Sheikh started his mission. He invited the people to the Tauhid (Islamic Monotheism) and guided them to the Quran and Sunnah. He urged upon Ulama to strictly follow the Quran and Sunnah and derive the issues directly from them. He forcibly contradicted the blind following of any scholar of the Ummah in preference to the Quran and Hadith. Sheikh was a man of courage and enthusiasm. He started his preaching, made correspondence with religious scholars inviting them to lend helping hands in eradication of the prevailing absurdities and defilements in religious matters. A number of scholars from Makkah, Al-Madinah and Yemen accepted his invitation, and supported him. But apart from them, there were also such ignorant and selfish scholars who criticized him and kept themselves aloof. The so-called learned ones rose against Sheikh as they were being affected by his dawah in terms of their worldly gains. Even then he took journey to different places to convey his message to the people given to error. Traveling through Zabir, Ahsa, Huraimala, he reached Uyainah. Arrival at Uyainah That was the period when the ruler of Uyainah was Uthman bin Hamd bin Ma'mar. He welcomed Sheikh gladly, and assured him every help in his mission of Islamic dawah. Sheikh devoted himself to this great work of reformation for the sake of Allah. He gained the popularity far and wide. People started resorting to him in large numbers. He became engaged in their guidance and teachings. Sheikh, however, continued his struggle to free the environment from all the defilements and pollutions. There were numerous tombs, graves, caves, trees..etc, which were worshipped by the Muslims. With the help of Amir Uthman bin Ma'mar, most of them were extirpated by Sheikh. He became engaged in purifying the people from polytheistic and heretic rituals in Uyainah and its surroundings. In the mean time, a woman came to him for her purification from the sin of committing adultery. Investigationswere made as to whether she was mentally sound or not and also that whether she had chose for the punishment under some pressure or voluntarily. When it was confirmed that she was doing that voluntarily out of repentance, Sheikh ordered for the Rajm (to kill by throwing stones-punishment for adultery). Owing to these events dismantling of tombs, self-surrendering of the woman for punishment and migration of the people to Uyainah to seek guidance from the Sheikh-the reputation of Sheikh spread far and wide. Exit from Uyainah and Entrance to Dar'iyah When the ruler of Al-Ahsa and its surroundings, Sulaiman bin Urai'ar came to know about the popularity of Sheikh among the people, he became afraid of the growing strength of the Sheikh and resolved to crush him at the very outset, lest he should overthrow him from his power. So he threatened Amir Uthman, with whom Sheikh was living, and asked him to kill the Sheikh. Amir Uthman was not in a position to withstand Sulaiman, hence he became panicky. Apprehending that if he disobeyed his order, he would punish him and overpower him, he made

Sheikh acquainted with the whole situation and submitted him to migrate to any other place. And Sheikh migrated from Uyainah to Dar'iyah. The people of Dar'iyah knew the Sheikh very well and they were also aware of his mission. When the ruler of Dar'iyah Amir Muhammad bin Saud came to know about the arrival of the Sheikh in his territory, he was much pleased and visited him at his place. Muhammad bin Saud belonged to a pious family and himself was a practical Muslim. He exchanged his views with Sheikh and was rejoiced to know that his mission aimed to revive Quran and Sunnah and the Islamic teachings in its original form; he desired to promote firm belief in the Oneness of Allah and true guidance of Prophet Muhammad (May the peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) Pledge to propagate the teaching of Islam Sheikh described before him the accounts of the Prophet (May the peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) and his Companions as to how did they strive for the cause of Allah, enduring all the difficulties and making their best efforts with all the sacrifices. Sheikh persuaded the Amir also to the same and assured him of Allah's pleasure in the Hereafter, and His favour and victory in this world. Ibn Saud, being convinced by the Sheikh, agreed with him and promised his full support to him and to his mission, provided when Allah would bless him with victory, he would not leave him. Sheikh also gave his words to this effect, and thus Ibn Saud gave Sheikh his pledge to propagate the teachings of Islam (esp. Tauhid, the Oneness of Allah), mobilize Muslims for Jihad (fighting for the cause of Allah), emphasize adherence to the Sunnah of Allah's Messenger (May the peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) , enjoin the good deeds and forbid the evils. Sheikh invoked Allah to be his Guide and bless him to be firm in his determination, and to give him every success in this life and the Hereafter. Dar'iyah, the Centre of dawah At this time Sheikh found himself in a peaceful environment, most suitable for his work of dawah. He seized the golden opportunity and started to educate the masses. People of Dar'iyah and its surroundings resorted to him for the lessons in Islam. Amir Muhammad bin Saud presented himself before the Sheikh as one of his students of Islam along with the members of his family. Dar'iyah was crowded with the people visiting for learning. Sheikh started teaching, preaching and inviting people to Allah. He undertook the task of delivering lectures on different branches of knowledge namely, Tauhid (Islamic Monotheism), exposition of Quran and Sunnah, knowledge of Fiqh and (May Allah be pleased with him) language etc. Thus Dar'iyah turned into a centre of learning and dawah, and people started migrating to it in a large number. The concourse of people and far-reaching effect of his mission made him far-famed which rendered his enemies into jealous. They started false propaganda against the Sheikh and even blamed him of blasphemy, and branded him a Zindiq and sorcerer. Sheikh was a man of courage. He did not care for these blames and continued his mission with full enthusiasm. He even debated his opponents in the best manner and in a polite way. This attitude proved very effective and rendered his opponents to be his supporters. Sheikh, along with his work of dawah, planned for Jihad against overwhelming polytheism and heretic ideas and practices, and invited people of all ranks to join in this mission. Delegates from

every comer of the Arab Peninsula visited Dar'iyah to pledge their support to Sheikh and to take lesson of true monotheism of Islam. Then they would return back to their areas to teach the same to their people and educate them. The ruler of Uyainah and the elites took journey to pay visit and requested him to turn back to Uyainah. But Sheikh rejected the proposal. They also pledged to fight for the cause of Islam till their last. Sheikh also sent his disciples to the different regions and countries to preach the teachings of Islam based only on Quran and authentic Ahadith of the Prophet (May the peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) Correspondence with Rulers Sheikh drew the attention of the rulers and the scholars of each region towards the polytheism and heresy in which the people were indulged, and invited them for their eradication. For the purpose, he stepped into correspondence. He wrote letters to the rulers, elites and scholars of Najd, Riyadh, Kharj, towns of the southern region, Qaseem, Hayel, Washm, Sudair etc. He also wrote to the outstanding Ulama of Ahsa, Makkah and Al-Madinah. Outside the Arab Peninsula, he made correspondence to the learned figures of Syria, Iraq, India, and Yemen as well. He maintained his communication with them, explained them the aims and objects of his mission, substantiated the points with Quran and Sunnah and invited their attention towards the eradication of absurd and heretical beliefs and practices in the masses. Sheikh's mission spread far and wide. A large number of scholars and other people throughout India, Indonesia, Afghanistan, Africa, Morocco, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, etc. got influenced and attracted towards his dawah. They also stood up in their own regions, with a great zeal and enthusiasm, to invite the people towards Allah and to the pure and basic teachings of Quran and Sunnah, free from all heresies and misinterpretations. Death Sheikh dedicated his whole life for this dawah and Jihad with his utmost sincerity and with the help of Muhammad bin Saud and his son Abdul-Aziz, the rulers of Dar'iyah. He breathed his last on the last day of the month of Dhul-Q'adah in 1206 H (1792 A.C). Impact of dawah As a result of the continued dawah, vigorous struggle and Jihad in the way of Allah for a long period of about fifty years from 1158 H to 1206 H. A complete victory over the entire Najd was gained. People abandoned worshipping graves, tombs, shrines, trees etc. and all the more they deserted all of them and practiced the pure faith of Islam. Blind following of the forefathers, ancestors and traditions in vogue was abandoned; and Shari 'ah was revived and established. Obligatory duties were being observed in the light of Quran and Sunnah. A framework for enjoining good deeds and forbidding bad ones was instituted. Mosques began to be visited by people in abundance for performing salah. Peace and tranquility prevailed everywhere, in towns as well as in villages. People became safe even in deserts and on lonely ways. The ignorant and notorious bedouins moulded their conduct. The preachers and preceptors were sent to every comer to teach and educate the common people. Thus a thorough revival of the complete religion came into existence.

After the expiry of Sheikh, his sons, grandsons, disciples and supporters continued the work of dawah and Jihad in the way of Allah. Among his sons, the most ardent in these activities were: Sheikh Imam Abdullah bin Muhammad, Sheikh Husain bin Muhammad, Sheikh Ali bin Muhammad and Sheikh Ibrahim bin Muhammad; and among his grandsons were: Sheikh AbdurRahman bin Hasan, Sheikh Ali bin Husain, Sheikh Sulaiman bin Abdullah. Apart from them, a large group of his disciples including Sheikh Hamd bin Nasir, scholars from Dar'iyah and others remained continuously engaged in inviting people towards Allah's true religion by writing and publishing books, fighting for the cause of Allah and making correspondence in this regard. Some of his works Despite the fact that Sheikh-ul-lslam Muhammad bin AbdulWahhab was a reformer and a man of Da 'wah, he still engaged in writing also. His some famous works are as follows: