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...d testify that we are Muslims'" (Surah Aal Imran 3:52). The Arabic word for their self-description is critical: they called th...
...th about Allah while they know" (Surah Aal Imran 3:78). The Arabic word for alteration used in the Quran — tahrif — encompasse...
... of Arab tribal settlement, and one of the early centres of Arabic grammar and poetry. Basra would later be significant as the...
...e bureaucratic language of Syria and Egypt, was replaced by Arabic in government correspondence and official registers. Persia...
...y played a role in the early standardization of the written Arabic script, commissioning the addition of diacritical marks to ...
...he city. The expedition assembled a massive combined force: Arabic sources speak of an army of eighty thousand to one hundred ...
...r positions during the fighting, a detail mentioned in both Arabic and Latin sources. Roderic died in the battle, his body nev...
The Battle of Tours and Poitiers — known in Arabic sources as the Battle of Balat al-Shuhada (Court of the Mar...
...ed there to translate Greek, Persian, and Indian texts into Arabic, and to produce original works. The institution embodied th...
...anslations of Greek philosophical and scientific works into Arabic. He sent delegations to Byzantium to acquire manuscripts an...
... of his name. Al-Khwarizmi also produced key works on Hindu-Arabic numerals that transmitted the decimal positional number sys...
The Battle of Nahavand, known in Arabic sources as 'Fath al-Futuh' (Conquest of Conquests), was the...
The Battle of Poitiers, known in Arabic as Balat al-Shuhada (Plain of the Martyrs), halted the nort...
The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arabic as Ma'rakat al-'Iqab (Battle of the Pass), was a decisive d...
...bdullah ibn al-Muqaffa, who translated Kalila wa Dimna into Arabic, was executed in Basra. His work established Arabic as a la...
.... Scholars translated Greek, Persian, and Indian works into Arabic, preserving and advancing classical knowledge. Muslim schol...
...se of Wisdom in Baghdad, al-Khwarizmi also introduced Hindu-Arabic numerals to the Islamic world and developed the concept of ...
...hical information, and historical anecdotes centered around Arabic songs and their composers. It is one of the most important ...
... Renaissance was significantly fueled by the translation of Arabic scientific and philosophical texts into Latin, particularly...
... Cairo. He authored over 500 works on hadith, tafsir, fiqh, Arabic language, and history. His Tafsir al-Jalalayn (co-authored ...
Ibrahim Muteferrika established the first Arabic-script printing press in Istanbul. While printing in Europe...