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An early companion who was captured as a child by the Byzantines, later freed, and gave up all his wealth to emigrate to Me...
The Byzantine Emperor who received the Prophet's letter inviting him to I...
The ruler of Egypt who received the Prophet's letter, responded respectfully, and sent gifts including Maria al-Qibtiyyah.
...trative language, minted the first Islamic coins (replacing Byzantine/Sassanid designs), and built the Dome of the Rock in Jerusa...
Son of Caliph Abd al-Malik and one of the greatest Umayyad military commanders. He led the famous siege of Constantinople in 98-99 AH (717-718 CE), the most amb