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...oth peoples were engaged in grave commercial corruption — cheating in weights and measures, defrauding customers, robbing trav...
...ed plunder — the Muslim cavalry turned back to defend it, creating confusion. Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi was killed in the fight...
...on of military campaigns and adept political management, defeating a series of challenges from local Arab chieftains, Berber r...
... Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the fall of Ctesiphon. The retreating Persian forces regrouped at Jalula (meaning 'the dyed/color...
...ng-term adversary of the expanding caliphate, eventually defeating the Muslims in later campaigns. The capture of Derbent mark...
Amr ibn al-As led the Muslim conquest of Egypt, defeating the Byzantine garrison. He founded Fustat (Old Cairo) and b...
...sia established settlements along the East African coast, creating a vibrant Swahili civilization that blended African, Arab, ...
...gns across the Muslim world, sacking Delhi, Baghdad, and defeating the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I.
...mandates divided Muslim lands between Britain and France, creating artificial borders that remain sources of conflict. This ma...
British India was partitioned into India and Pakistan, creating the largest Muslim-majority nation by population at the tim...