IMAM AL-NAWAWI ' S LEXICON

I O IMAM AL-NAWAWI'S LEXICON [What follows] is a list of precise renditions of the names and terms mentioned in this book, arranged in order of their appear­ ance. Instances of this are many. To completely vowelize each, clarify them, and explain them all would make this volume quite thick. However, I will touch upon them in the most concise fash­ ion, and will point them out as briefly as possible. The first of them is in the introduction. al-lfamd: Praising with pleasing attributes. al-Karim: Noble in the attributes of God Most High. It is said to mean: the superior or other such things. al-Mannan: We relate from 'Ali ibn Abi Talib (God be pleased with him) that it means: the one who gives before being asked. al-Tuwl: Free of need and completely powerful. al-Hidiiyii': Success and benevolence. The following are said: He guided us to [Ii] belief, He guided us with [bi] belief, and He guided us unto [ilii] belief. Sii'ir: Meaning the rest. Laday: Unto Him. Our Prophet (God bless him and grant him peace) was named "Muhammad" because of his many praiseworthy qualities (Ibn Faris and others said this), meaning, God Most High inspired l l 9

ETIQUETIE WITH THE QURAN his family to name him this because of what He knew of his pleasing qualities and noble characteristics. May God increase his honor and nobility. Tabadda: To challenge and withstand. Bi'ajma'ihim: With a damma or a fatba on the mim [ajmu'ihim, ajma'ihim] (both well-known dialects), meaning, in their en­ tirety. Wa afhama: To silence and overwhelm. La yakhluq: Its magnificence and sweetness never CEasing. Istatharahu: To memorize. al-Wildan: Youths. al-l:Iadathan: With a fatba on the ha and the dal. Al-l:Iadath, al-baditha, and al-budtha are synonymous. It is the occurrence of something that did not previously exist. al-Matawan: Night and day. al-Ridwan: With a kasra or damma on the rd' [ridwan, rudwan]. al-Anam: This means people, according to the preferred opinion. Al-Anaym is also said. al-Damighat: Cogent, irrefutable arguments. al-Tagham: With a fatba on the dot-less ta' and on the dotted ghayn. They are ignoble people. al-Amathil: The exemplary; its singular is amthal. al-A 'lam: The plural of 'a/am. It is what is used to indicate the path, such as a mountain or something else. A scholar is called this because he guides others. al-Nuha: Intellects; the singular is al-nuhya with a damma on the nun. This is because it holds its possessor back from disgusting acts. 1 20

IMAM AL-NAWAWl'S LEXICON Dimashq: With a kasra on the diil and a fatba on the mim, accord­ ing to the well-known opinion. The author of Matiili' al-Anwiir also relates a kasra on the mim [Dimishq]. Mukhtasr: Something with few phrases yet has many meanings. al-'Atida: Present and prepared. Abtahal: To be humble. al-Tawfiq: Creating the ability to worship. F:Iasbunii Allah: Meaning, [He is] our sufficiency. alWakil: The one made an agent. It is also said, the one who is given the agency of managing H is creation, or the one sustain­ ing the general welfare of His creation, or the Sustainer. al-Infiiq: Spending which is praiseworthy according to Sacred Law is extracting wealth in worshiping God Most High. Tijiira Ian tabur: Meaning, it will not be consumed or spoiled. al-Barara: The plural of biirr, meaning obedient [mutil al-Safara: The recording angels. Yatata'tii': Meaning, to be severe and to be difficult. Abu Musii al-Ash'ari: 'Abdallah ibn Qays, ascribed to al-Ash'ar, the grandfather of the tribe. al-Utrujja: With a damma on the hamza and rii'. This is a well known [fruit, the citron]. Al-Jawhari stated that Abu Zayd said that it is called tarnaja in Bukharl's Sahib, in the book of food. In this hadith: "The example of al-utrunja." A/-Ifasad: [Envy] is hoping for the removal of someone else's blessing. Ghibt is similar to it but without wanting the bless­ ing to be removed. Envy is unlawful but ghibt in good things is praiseworthy and desirable. What is intended by his saying (God bless him and grant him peace): "There is no envy except I 2 I

ETIQUETTE WITH THE QURAN in two" is: "there is no praiseworthy ghibt whose importance is emphasized except in two." Anii' al-lay/: The hours of the night. There are four dialects the singular: iniin, aniin with a kasra or fatba on the hamza, and iniy and inwun with a yii' and waw, and the hamza has a kasra in both of them. al-A/ii' is identical to [the above in its morphology], and it means " bounty." There are four dialects concerning the singular: ila, ala, iliy, ilwu. Al-WaqidI conveyed all of this. al-Tirmadhi: Ascribed to Tirmidh. Abu Sa'd al-Sam'ani said that it is an ancient land on the bank of the Balkh, which is called Jayhun. When using it as an attribute, it is said, Tirmidhi with a kasra on the ta' and mim, and with a damma on them both [turmudhi], and with a fatba on the tii' and a kasra on the mim [tarmadhi]-three variations that al-Sam'anI conveyed. Abu Sa'id al-Khudri: His name is Sa'd ibn Malik, ascribed to Bani Khudra. Abu Diiwud al-Sajistiini: His name is Sulayman ibn al-Ash'ath. al-Nasii'i: He is Abu 'Abd al-Rahman Ahmad ibn Shu'ayb. al-Diirimi: He is Abu Muhammad 'Abdallah ibn 'Abd al-Rahman. Ascribed to Darim, the grandfather of the tribe. Abu Mas'ud al-Badri: His name is 'Uqba ibn 'Amr. The majority of the scholars said that he lived at the time of Badr and did not participate in the battle. Al-Zuhri, al-Bukhari, and others said that he participated in it with the Messenger of God (God bless him and give him peace). Sha'ii'ir'-Alliih tii'ala: The outward signs [ rites] of His religion; one of them is sha'ira. Al-Jawhari said, the singular is said shi'ara. al-Bazziir: The author of al-Musnad, with a rii' at the end. 1 22

IMAM AL-NAWAWl'S LEXICON Labd al-qabr: With a fatba or 4amma on the lam [labd, lubd]­ two well-known dialects, and the fatba is linguistically purer. It is a niche in the side of the grave closest to the qiblah which the deceased is lowered into. One says: labadtu al-mayit and albadtuhu. Abu Hurayra: His name is 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Sakhr, according to the strongest of among approximately thirty opinions. He was given his agnomen because of a cat he had when he was small. He is the first to have this agnomen. Adhanani bi'l-barb: Made it known to me. It means, declaring war against me. Abu I:Ianifa: His name is al-Nu'man ibn Thabit ibn Zuta. al-Imam al-Sha-{i'i: Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad ibn Idris ibn al-'Abbas ibn 'Uthman ibn Shafi' ibn al-Sa'ib ibn 'Ubayd ibn 'Abd Yazid ibn Hashim ibn al-Munalib ibn 'Abd Mana£ ibn Qasiy. al-Thalb: With a fatba on the tha' with three-dots and a sukun on the lam. It is a defect. I:Iunafd': The plural of bani{. It is that which is straight, or the one leaning towards the truth and averting falsehood. al-Marashi: With a fatba on the mim and a sakun on the rd', and fatba on the dot-less 'ayn, and a dotted shin. al-Tustari: With a 4amma on the first ta', a fatba on the second, the dot-less sin having sukun between them. An ascription to Tustar, the well-known city. al-Mubasibi: With a 4amma on the mim. Al-Sam'ani said that this was said about him because he would take himself to account [yuhasib nafsahu], and he was among those who joined the outward and inward disciplines. 'Arf al-Janna: With a fatba on the 'ayn and sukun on the rd' and fa'. The scent of Paradise. 1 23

ETIQUETTE WITH THE QURAN Fa-l-yatabawwa' maq'adahu min al-nar: Meaning, he descends to it, or he occupies it. Some say that it is a supplication [ May God descend him into ... ], and others that it is a declaration [God has lowered him ... ]. Daltila: With a fatba or kasra on the dal [dalala, di/ala]. Dulula with a damma on the dal and lam is said. Tawiyya: With fatba on the ta and a kasra on the waw. The lexi­ cographers said that it is conscience. Taraqi: The plural of tarquwa. It is the bone between the nape of the neck and the shoulder. Yajlisuna hilaqa: It is said with a fatba or kasra in the ha [balaqa, hilaqa], two dialects. Ibn Majah: He is Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad ibn Yazid. Abu al-Darda': H is name is 'Uwaymir or 'Amir. Yabnu 'ala al-talib: Meaning, to be kind to him, to feel compas­ sion for him. Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani: With a fatba on the sin and a kasra on the ta'. Abu 'Umar ibn 'Abd al-Barr said, Ayylib tanned skins in Basra, and because of this he was called "al-Sakhtiyani." Barra'a: With a fatba on the ba'. The gerund of bara'a al-raj[ wa baru'a, with a fatba or damma on the ra' [barra'a, barru'a], if he surpassed his companions. Halqa al-'ilm and their likes: With a sukun on the lam-this is the pure, well-known dialect. It is rarely said with a fatba [balaqa] in one dialect. Tha'lab, aJ-Jawhari, and others conveyed it. al-Rufqa: With a damma or kasra on the ra' [rufqa, rifqa], two dialects. Qi'dat al-muta'llimin: With a kasra on the qaf. Ma'shar: A group with a common cause. I 24

IMAM AL-NAWAWI'S LEXICON Yunfidhunaha bi-1-nahar: Meaning, performing what it contains. Abu Sulayman al-Khattabi: He is ascribed to one of his grandfa­ thers named al-Khanab. Abu Sulayman's name is l:famd ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn al-Khattab. And it is said that his name is Ahmad. al-Zuhri: He is Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn 'Ubay­ dullah ibn 'Abdallah ibn Shihab ibn 'Abdallah ibn al-I:Iarith ibn Zuhra ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka'b, al-Baäri, with a fatba or kasra on the ha' [ Ba,sri, Bi,sri]. al-Sha'bi: With a fatba on the shin: his name is 'Amir ibn Sharahil, with a fatba on the sin. Tamim al-Dari: Ascribed to a grandfather he has who is named al-Dar. Other opinions include: he is ascribed to Darayn, a place in the plains; or: "Tamim al-Dayri" ascribed to a cloister that he would worship in; and there are others. I have clarified the disagreement in the beginning of Sharb Sabib Muslim. Sulaym ibn 'Itr: With a kasra on the dot-less 'ayn, sukun on the twice-dotted-above ta'. Abmad al-Dawraqi: With a dot-less dal with a fatba, then a qaf, then ya' of ascription. It is said that it is an ascription to the long caps that are called al-dawraqiyya. Other opinions are that his father was a hermit, and at that time they called her­ mits dawriqi; or that it is an ascription to Dawraq, a land in Persia or elsewhere. Man,sur ibn Zadhan: With a zay and dot-less dhal. Yabtabi: Raising ones shins and then encircling the shins and the thighs with the arms or a garment. al-If.ubwa: With a damma or kasra on the ba' [bubwa, bibwa] are two dialects. It is doing the action [of the previous note]. al-Hadhrama: With a single-dotted dhal: quick quiet talk. 1 2 5

ETIQUETIE WITH THE QURAN al-Ghazali: He is Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad. This is how it is said, with a shadda on the zay [ghazzali]. It was related that he denied this and said, "I am al­ Ghazali with a light [single] zay ascribed to one of the villages in Tiis which is called "Ghazala." Talba ibn Musarrif: With a

IMAM AL-NAWAWI'S LEXICON Ushnan: With a damma or kasra on the hamza [ushnan, ishnan], two dialects. Abu 'Ubayda and Ibn al-Jawallqi mentioned them both. It is a Persian word which is Arabized. In Arabic, it is al­ mabda burd. The hamza of ashnan is part of its root. Karasi adrasih: It is permissible to put a shadda on the ya' or to lighten it [karasiy, karasi]. And likewise, everything derived from it, where its singular is with a shadda, it is permissible in its plural to put a shadda or to lighten it. al-Ruwyani: With a damma on the rd' , a sukun on the waw. As­ cribed to Ruwyan: the well-known land. 'Ala basab balih: It is with a fatba on the sin, meaning, in accor­ dance to his ability. al-J:Iammam: It is known. The word is masculine according to the lexicographers. al-l:Iushush: Latrines. Its singular is bush with a damma or fatba on the ba [bush, bash]: two pronunciations. l:Iajr al-insan: With a fatba or kasra on the ba [bajr, bijr]. al-Jinaza: With a kasra or fatba on the jim Uinaza, janaza]. From the root j-n-z: when something is covered. Bahz ibn Hakim: With a fatba on the single-dotted, with a sukun on the ba and zay. Zurara: With a damma on the zay. Abmad ibn Abi al-l:Iawariy: With a fatba on the ba, and a kasra on the rd'. Some put a fatba on the rd' [bawarayy]; our shaykh Abu al-Baqa' Khalid al-Nabulusi (God grant him mercy) men­ tioned this, and perhaps he preferred it. He was the great schol­ ar of his time in this discipline with complete mastery in it. The name of Abu al-I:Iawarl is 'Abdallah ibn Maymun ibn 'Abbas ibn al-I:Iarith. al-Ju'i: With a damma on the jim. ETIQUETTE WITH THE QURAN Abu al-]awza': With a fatba on the jim and zay. His name is Aws ibn 'Abdallah or Aws ibn Khalid. Jjabtar: With a dot-less ba with a fatba, then a twice-dotted­ above ta', with a fatba, then a ra'. al-Raju/ al-salib: [The righteous man] is the one upholding the rights owed God Most High and the rights owed [ His] ser­ vants. Al-Zajjaj, the author of al-Matali', and others said this. Abu Dharr: His name is Jundub. Another opinion is that his name is Burayr, with a 4amma on the single-dotted ba', and the ra' repeating. Ijtarabu al-sayyi'at: He earned evil deeds. Shi'ar: With a kasra on the shin. A sign. al-Shirak: With a kasra on the shin. It is the thin strap which is on the top of a sandal on the top of the foot. Umm Salama: Her name is Hind. Another opinion is Ramlah, and it is baseless. 'Abdallah ibn Mughaffal: With a 4amma on the mim, and a fatba on the single-dotted ghayn and fa'. al-Laghat: With a fatba or sukun on the ghayn [laghat, laght]; two dialects. It is jumbling up sounds. al-]umu'a: With a 4amma, sukun, or fatba on the mim [jumu'a, jum'a, juma'a]; al-Fara' and al-Wabidi said it. al-Ma'wwidhitan: With a kasra on the waw. al-Awza'i: His name is 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Amr. The Imam of Sham [ Greater Syria] in his time. Ascribed to a place at the Faradis Gate in Damascus, called al-Awza'; or it is a tribe. There are other opinions. 'Arzab: With a dot-less 'ayn with a fatba, then a ra' with a sukun, then a zay with a fatba, then a single-dotted ba'. 1 28

IMAM AL-NAWAWl'S LEXICON Burayda ibn al-l:Iu$ayb: With a tf,amma on the bci', a fatba on the $ad-both of them dot-less. Faala: With a fatba on the fa'. Lallahi ashadd adhana: With a fatba on the hamza and dhal, meaning, with respect to listening. al-Qayna: With a fatba on the qaf: a female singer. Tuba lahum: Meaning, goodness for them. This is what the lexi­ cographers said. al-A 'mash: Sulayman ibn Mahran. Abu al-'Aliya: With the 'ayn dot-less. His name is Rufay', with a damma on the ra'. Abu Lubaba: The Companion g. With a tf,amma on the lam. His name is Bashir; another opinion is that it is Rifa'a ibn 'Abd al-Mundhir. 'Aynahu tadhrifan: Meaning, their tears were pouring. It is with a fatba on the two-dotted ta' from above, and kasra on the ra'. Fa ma khatbukum: Meaning, what's your errand? Ayyam al-ma'duddt: The three days of Tashriq after the Day of Sacrifice. Tashmit al-'dtis: It is with a shin and sin [ 'dtis, 'dtish]. al-Qaffdl: The one mentioned here is al-MarwazI, 'Abdallah ibn Ahmad. Yaqrun: With tf,amma on the rd' according to the pure dialect, and in a dialect with a kasra [yaqrin]. al-Baghawi: Ascribed to Bagh, a city between Harat and Marw, it is also called Baghshur. His name is al-I:Iusayn ibn Mas'ud. al-A$dl: The plural of a$il. It is the end of the day or the time be­ tween late afternoon and the setting of the sun. I 29

ETIQUETTE WITH THE QURAN Zubayd ibn al-lJarith: With a 4amma on the zay, and then a sin­ gly dotted [ba'] with a fatba. Subbub quddus: With a 4amma in the first of the two, and a fatba [sabbub, qaddus]; two well-known dialects. Abu Qilaba: With a kasra on the qaf, and lightness on the lam and single-dotted ba'. His name is 'Abdallah ibn Zayd. Yabya ibn Waththab: With a triple-dotted tha' with a shadda. Mu'an ibn Rifa'a: With a 4amma on the mim and dot-less 'ayn, and a nun in the end. al-Shikhkhir: With a kasra on the shin and the single-dotted kha', and with a shadda on the kha. al-Hakam ibn 'Utayba: He is with a double-dotted-above ta', then with a double-dotted-below [ya'], then a single-dotted [ba']. al-Mabya wa al-mamat: Life and death. Awzi'hum: Meaning, inspire them. Hamdan yuwafi ni'amahu: Meaning, reaching and obtaining it. Yukafi'mazidahu: It is with a hamza in the end of yukafi', meaning, it serves as thanks for the bounty that He has provided us with. Mujalid: The narrator from al-Sha'bi. With a jim and kasra on the lam. Abu al-Qasim al-Saymari: With a fatba on the dot-less sad and mim; or with a 4amma on the mim [saymuri], but this is odd. I clarified it at length in Tahdhib al-Asma' wa al-Lughat. 1 30