APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF PERSONS CITED IN THE TEXT

APPENDIX THREE BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF PERSONS CITED IN THE TEXT (Dates are according to the Islamic calendar, unless otherwise in­ dicated.) 'Abbad ibn I:Iamza ibn 'Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr. A Successor who has hadiths in Muslim's Sabib, al-Nasa'i's Sunan, and al-Bukhari's al-Adah al-Mufrad. 'Abdallah ibn 'Abbas ibn 'Abd al-Munalib, Abu al-'Abbas (d. 68). Son of the paternal uncle of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). One of his aunts was Maymuna bint I:Iarith, a wife of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). He was born three years before the Hijra. The Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) supplicated that God bless him with understanding of the religion, wisdom, and understanding of the Quran. He saw Jibril (peace be upon him) twice. He was 1 3 years old at the death of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). In spite of his young age, 'Umar ibn al-Khattab (God be pleased with him) sought his counsel. He lost his eye­ sight at the end of his life. He died at 70 years of age. 'Abdallah ibn 'Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Fal, Abu Muhammad al­ Darimi ( 1 8 1-2 5 5). A great hadith master, exegete, and legist. He authored a book of Sunan which some of the Scholars put above lbn Majah's Sunan in reliability. 'Abdallah ibn Abi al-Hudhayl, Abu al-Mughira. A Successor and trustworthy narrator.

APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES 'Abdallah ibn Abi Zayd ibn 'Abd al-Rahman, Abu Muhammad (3 10-3 86). A Malik! legist and exegete of the Quran. 'Abdallah ibn Abmad al-Marwazi, Abu Bakr al-Qaffal (d. 4 1 7). The chief Shafi'! scholar, master of hadith, and ascetic of his day. 'Abdallah ibn 'Amr ibn al-'As, al-Sahmi, al-Qurashi. A Compan­ ion who possessed vast knowledge, memorized the Quran, and devoted himself to worship. He asked for and received permis­ sion from the Prophet (God bles him and give him peace) to record hadith. 'Abdallah ibn I:Iabib ibn Rabi'a, Abu 'Abd al -Rabman al-Sulami (d. 74). A Successor and son of a Companion. He was born during the life of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). He was a trustworthy and accurate narrator, and the great Quran reciter of Kufa. He said, "We learned the Quran from people who whenever they learned ten verses of the Qu­ ran, they would not move on to ten more until they knew what those [ten) contained. So we would learn Quran and act ac­ cording to it. After us, a people will inherit the Quran: they drink it just as they drink water [ and thus give it little respect), and it will not go beyond their throats [ because they do not act according to it]." 'Abdallah ibn Mas'ud ibn Ghafil, al-Hudhali, Abu'Abdal-Rabman (d. 3 2). An early convert to Islam and an emigrant to both Abyssinia and Medina. He was one the Companions in whom the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) would confide secrets. 'Umar assigned him to overlook courts and the Muslim common fund (bayt al-ma/) in Kufa. He died in Medina, in 3 2 AH, and was over sixty years old. 'Abdallah ibn al-Mubarak ibn Wa, Abu 'Abd al-Rabman ( r r 81 8 1 ). I:Iadith master, mujtahid, merchant, and traveler. He combined hadith, fiqh, Arabic, history, bravery, and generosity. He was the first to author a work devoted to jihad, and he died returning from battling Rome. 1 57

ETIQUETTE WITH THE QURAN 'Abdallah ibo Mughaffal ibn 'Abd Ghaoam ( d. 60). A Companion whom 'Umar (God be pleased with him) sent to teach in Basra. 'Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn 'Ubayd, Abu Bakr ibo Abi Dunya (208-281 ). An author of more than 1 64 works. He was born and died in Baghdad. 'Abdallah ibo Muslim ibn Qutayba, Abu Muhammad (213-276). Born in Baghdad, he resided in Kufa and was appointed as judge of al-Dayniir. He wrote many works on the subjects of Quran and hadith, as well as other disciplines. 'Abdallah ibn Qays ibo Salim al-Ash'ari, Abu Musa (d. 5 2). An early convert to Islam who emigrated to Abyssinia. During 'Umar's caliphate he was assigned to command the city of Basra. 'Abdallah ibn Sulayman ibn al-Ash'ath, Abu Bakr (230-3 16). Son of the great hadith master Imam Abu Dawiid. He was a had­ ith master and a legist. He authored several works concerning the Quran and hadith, including: Kitab al-Ma$abif, al-Musnad, al-Sunan, al-Tafsir, al-Qira'at, and al-Nasikh wa al-Mansukh. He died during the month of Dhu'l-I:Iijja at 87 years of age. 'Abdallah ibo 'Ubayd ibo 'Abdallah ibn Abi Mulayka (d. l r 7). A Successor who met thirty of the Companions. 'Abdallah ibo al-Zubayr (God be pleased with them both) (God be pleased with them both) assigned him to be a judge and to make the Call to Prayer. He was a legist and hadith master from the same generation as 'Ata. His narrations are included in the six major hadith collections. 'Abdallah ibn 'Umar ibo al-Khattab, Abu 'Abd al-Rahman (d. 73). He was born one year before the revelation began. He and his father entered Islam in Mecca while he was young. He was known for his knowledge, piety, and carefulness in both his personal actions and when giving legal judgments. He died in 73 AH at the age of 84.

APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES 'Abdallah ibn 'Utbman, Abu Bakr ibn Abi Qubafa al-Siddiq (d. 1 3 ). He was a life-long Companion of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) and the first adult male to enter Islam. Many entered Islam through him, including: 'Uthman ibn 'Af­ fan, Talba ibn 'Ubaydullah, al-Zubayr ibn al-'Awwam, Sa'd ibn Abi WaqqaՎ, and 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf. He died in Medina on Tuesday night, eight days before the end of Jumada al-Akh­ ira, in the year l 3 AH, between the Sunset and Night Prayers. He was 63 years old. His wife Asma' ibn 'Umays washed him, and 'Umar prayed the Funeral Prayer over him. He was buried next to the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) in his daughter 'A'isha's house. 'Abdallah ibn Wahb ibn Muslim, Abu Muhammad ( 1 25-197). A colleague of Imam Ahmad who combined fiqh, hadith, and worship. When he was offered to become a judge, he hid him­ self and did not leave his house. 'Abdallah ibn Yazid ibn Hurmuz (d. 148). A legist from Medina. 'Abdallah ibn Yusuf ibn Mubammad, Abu Mubammad al-Ju­ wayni (d. 438). Imam al-I:Iaramayn's father. He was an accom­ plished Shafi'! scholar knowledgeable in exegesis, fiqh, and lexicography. 'Abdallah ibn Zayd ibn 'Amr, Abu Qilaba (d. 1 04). He was of­ fered a judgeship but fled from it. He was a trust worthy nar­ rator who narrated many hadith . 'Abd al-l:lamid ibn 'Abd al-Rabman al-l:lammani, Abu Yabya (d. 202). A trustworthy narrator who has narrations included in al-Bukhari, Muslim, and other primary sources. 'Abd al-Karim ibn Hawazin ibn 'Abd al-Malik, Abu al-Qasim al-Qushayri (376-465). The Shaykh of Khurasan during his age. He was a Shafi'i legist, hadith scholar, commentator of the Quran, theologian, and a great Sufi. His most famous work is al-Ristilatal-Qushayriyya, a CEntral work concerning tasaw­ wuf. 1 59

ETIQUETTE WITH THE QURAN 'Abd al-Karim ibn Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Karim, Abu al-Qasim al-Rafi'i ( 5 5 7-623). One of the greatest Shafi'! legists ever.He died in Qizwin. 'Abd al-Malik ibn 'Abdallah ibn Yusuf, Imam al-I:Iaramayn al-Ju­ wayni (41 9-478). The most knowledgeable of all late scholars of the Shafi'i madhab, "the Glory of Islam, absolute Imam of all Imams, main authority in the Law, whose leadership is agreed upon East and West, whose immense merit is the con­ sensus of Arabs and non-Arabs, upon the like of whom none set eyes before or after" (Ibo 'Asakir), "whose work forms the connecting link between the respective methods of the Salaf and Khalaf" (al-Kawthari). 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-I:Iakam (d. 86). The well-known Umayyad caliph and legist. He resided in Greater Syria. He saw 'Uthman ibn 'Affan and narrated hadith from Abu Hurayra (God be pleased with them both). He remained the caliph for 1 4 years after killing 'Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr. He was 58 when he died. 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Amr, al-Awza'i (88-1 57). He was born in Ba'lbak, Lebanon, and became the Imam of Greater Syria of his time. When offered a judgeship, he refused. He once said, " If God wishes evil for a people, He opens up to them the paths to argument and bars them from deeds." He died in Bei­ rut where four communities attended his funeral: the Muslims carried his bier, followed by the Jews, the Christians, and the Copts. Al-Shafi'i said: "I never saw a man whose -fiqh resem­ bled his hadith [ in rigor] more than al-Awza'i." 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ma'mun ibn 'Ali al-Abiwardi, al-Mutawalli (d. 478). A Shafi'i legist and jurisprudent who was assigned head of the Niiamiyya School in Baghdad. He authored Tatim­ mat al-Ibdna fi Fiqh al-Sha-fi'i, the completion of the unfinished Ibana of Imam Abu al-Qasim 'Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Furani (d. 461 ) 1 60

APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Sakhr, Abu Hurayra (d. 57). He received his nickname "Abu Hurayra" because of a cat he carried in his sleeve. He entered Islam late during the year of Khaybar. Af­ ter entering Islam he spent as much time as possible with the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) and became one of the greatest hadith narrators of the Companions. More than eight hundred Companions and Successors narrated from him, including: Ibn 'Abbas, Ibn 'Umar, Jabir, Anas, and Wathila ibn al-Asqa' (God be well pleased with them all). Among the sup­ plications of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) on his behalf: "O God! Make Your little servant Abu Hurayra and his mother beloved to Your believing servants." 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Shibi ibn 'Amr. A Companion who died during the Caliphate of Mu'awiya. 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Yazid, Abu Bakr al-Nakha'i (d. after 80). The brother of al-Aswad ibn Yazid. Some considered him a trustworthy narrator. 'Abd al-Wahid ibn al-l:lusayn ibn Muhammad, Abu al-Qasim al-Saymari (d. 3 87 or 405). A Shafi'i legist and resident of Ba1'ra. 'Abd al-Wahid ibn Isma'il ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Ru­ wyani (41 5-50 1 ). A Shafi'i legist. A top scholar in fiqh and jurisprudence. He once said that if all of the works of Imam al-Shafi'i were burned he could dictate them from memory. 'Abdata ibn Abi Lubaba, Abu al-Qasim (d. 1 27). A resident of Damascus. Abu 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami = Abdallah ibn I:Iabib ibn Rabi'a Abu 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami = Muhammad ibn al-I:Iusayn Abu al-AbwaÞ = 'Awf ibn Malik Abu al-'Aliya = Rafi' ibn Mahran Abu 'Amr [al-BaÞri] = Zabban ibn 'Ammar 1 6 1

ETIQUETIE WITH THE QURAN Abu 'Amr al-Dani = 'Uthman ibn Sa'id Abu Bakr ibn Abi Dawiid = 'Abdallah ibn Sulayman Abu Bakr al-Kindi = Muhammad ibn Yusuf Abu Bakr al-Siddiq = 'Abdallah ibn 'Uthman Abu Darda' (d. 3 2). A companion known by this agnomen. (Darda' was his daughter.) He was the last of his household to enter Islam. He was knowledgeable and wise, and one of the Companions to give legal opinions. He resided in Greater Syria and died in Damascus. Abu Dawiid = Sulayman ibn al-Ash'ath Abu Dharr = Jundub ibn Junada Abu I:Iamid al-Ghazali = Muhammad ibn Muhammad Abu I:Ianifa = Al-Nu'man ibn Thabit Abu Harlin al-'Abdi = 'Ammara ibn Juwayn, Abu I:Iatim al-Sajistani = Sahl ibn Muhammad Abu Hurayra = 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Sakhr Abu Isbaq al-Marwazi = Ibrahim ibn Ahmad Abu Ja'far al-Nahhas = Abmad ibn Muhammad Abu al-Jawza' = Aws ibn 'Abdallah Abu Jubayfa = Wahb ibn 'Abdallah Abu Lubaba = Rifa'a ibn 'Abd al-Mundhir Abu Maysara = 'Amr ibn Sharahbil Abu Muhammad al-Juwayni = 'Abdallah ibn Yusuf Abu Musa al-Ash'ari = 'Abdallah ibn Qays Abu al-Qasim al-Saymari = 'Abd al-Wahid ibn al-I:Iusayn Abu Qilaba = 'Abdallah ibn Zayd ibn 'Amr

APPENDIX THREE: BRI EF BIOGRAPHIES Abu al-Rabi' = Sulayman ibn Dawiid ibn I:Iammad Abu Raja' = 'lmran ibn Mulhan Abu Sa'id al-Khudri = Sa'd ibn Malik Abu Salama = Sulaym ibn 'ltr Abu Salih = Dhakwan ibn 'Abdallah Abu Sulayman al-Khattabi = I:Iamd ibn Muhammad Abu Talha = Zayd ibn Sahl Abu Thawr = Ibrahim ibn Khalid Abu Umama al-Bahili = Sudi ibn 'Ujlan Abu 'Umar ibn 'Abd al-Barr = Yusuf ibn 'Abdallah Abu Usayd = Malik ibn Rabl'a Abu 'Uthman ibn al-I:Iaddad = Sa'id ibn Muhammad Abu 'Uthman al-Maghribi = Sa'id ibn Salam Abu Yusuf = Ya'qiib ibn Ibrahim Ahmad = Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ahmad al-Dawraqi = Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Ahmad ibn 'Abdallah ibn Maymun, Abu al-l:lasan (d. 246) His sayings include, "Whoever does anything without following a sunna: his actions are in vain [batil]," and "Whoever looks at this world with desire and love, God removes light and CEr­ tainty from his heart." Abmad ibn 'Ali ibn Thabit, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (392-463). Historian and hadith master. He was the most important early codifier of the sciences of hadith. When his death drew near he gave away all of his property and declared his works an endowment for all Muslims. His more than 5 6 works include: Tarikh Baghdad, al-Nukhala', al-Kifaya fi 'Jim al-Riwaya,

ETIQUETIE WITH THE QURAN Taqyid al-'Ilm, and Shara( A$bdb al-I:Iadith. He died in Bagh­ dad in 463 AH. Ahmad ibn 'Amr ibn 'Abd al-Khaliq, al-Basri, Abu Bakr al-Bazzar (210-292). A hadith master who transmitted hadith in Isfahan, Baghdad, Egypt, Mecca, and Ramla. He compiled a musnad of hadith. Ahmad ibn l:lanbal = Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ahmad ibn al-I:Iawari = Ahmad ibn 'Abdallah ibn Maymun Ahmad ibn Ibrahim ibn Kathir al-Dawraqi (d. 242). A trustworthy hadith master. Ahmad ibn Mansur ibn Sayyar ibn Ma'arak, Abu Bakr al-Ram­ madi ( 1 82-265). A hadith master and trustworthy narrator. Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn I:Ianbal, Abu 'Abdallah al-Shaybani ( 1 64-24 1 ) . Founder of the I:Ianbali school of law, the epitome of hadith masters, and champion of the sunna. Imam al-Shafi'i said, " I have left no one in Baghdad with more understanding and knowledge, and more scrupulous and ascetic than Ahmad ibn I:Ianbal." Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim, Abu Isbaq al-Tha'labi (d. 427). The great Quranic exegete and historiographer. Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn lsma'il, Abu Ja'far al-Nahhas (d. 3 3 8). An exegete and litterateur. Ahmad ibn Musa ibn al-'Abbas ibn Mujahid, Abu Bakr (24 53 24). One of the great scholars of canonical recitation. Ahmad ibn Shu'ayb ibn 'Ali, al-Nasa'i, Abu 'Abd al-Rahman (21 5-303 ). The great Shafi'i and Maliki hadith master. He au­ thored many works, and his Sunan is included as one of the six major compilations of hadith. It has the highest criteria for authenticity among them after the two Sabibs. Ahmad ibn 'Umar ibn Surayj, Abu al-'Abbas (239-306). The had­ ith master and Shafi'i legist, the "peerless admonisher" (wa'ii)

APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES of his time and a fierce debater known as the "Swooping Fal­ con" (al-Btiz al-Ashhab). Ibn al-Subki also calls him "the Fierce Lion Against the Dissenters of the madhab of al-Shafi'i." He is said to have authored 400 works. The nickname "the Lit­ tle Shafi'i"was given to him by Abu I:Iafs al-Mutawwi'i. Ibn Surayj is listed by al-Dhahabl in the Siyar among "Those who are imitated in Islam" in the generation of Imam al-A'imma (the Imam of all Imams) Ibn Khuzayma and Imam al-Tabari. 'A'isha hint Abi Bakr al-Siddiq (d. 57). The third and youngest wife of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). She was "absolutely the most knowledgeable woman in the ummah or, rather, among humankind" (al-Dhahabi); "comprehensive in her knowledge, unique in her understanding, a mujtahida, indeed the epitome of learning and teaching" (al-Suyuti). She was the daughter of the first successor of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) and dearest of men to him-Abu Bakr al-Siddiqand Umm Ruman the daughter of 'Amir ibn Uwaymir ibn 'Abd Shams ibn Attab ibn Udhayna al-Kinani­ yya. She was known for her knowledge in religious matters, medicine, eloquence, and Arab lore. She was 19 years old at the death of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). 'Ali al-Azdi = 'Ali ibn 'Abdallah 'Ali ibn 'Abdallah al-Azdi. From the same generation as al-I:Iasan al-Basri. 'Ali ibn Abi al-Talib, Abu al-I:Iasan (d. 40). Fourth of the Rightly Guided Caliphs. He was the first male youth to embrace Is­ lam. He was the nephew of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) and his son in law. He participated with the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) in all battles ex­ cept for Tabuk, when the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) delegated him to oversee his own family. He received the caliphate in 3 5 AH after 'Uthman ibn 'Affan. He was stabbed during Ramaan in the city of Kufa. He died three days later, at the age of 63 . He was Caliph for four years and nine months.

ETIQUETIE WITH THE QURAN 'Ali ibn Ahmad ibn I:Iamd, Abu I:Iasan al-Wahidi (d. 468). The great exegete of the Quran and scholar of fine literature. He authored many works concerning the Quran, including three separate exegeses entitled al-Basit, al-Wasit, and alWajiz. He also wrote Asbab al-Nuzul, concerning the circumstances of individual instances of revelation. He also wrote a commentary on the beautiful names of God Most High and several books concerning literature. 'Ali ibn I:Iamza ibn 'Abdallah, Abu al-I:Iasan al-Kisa'i (d. r 89). One of the seven great Imams of canonical recitations, and a great Imam in Arabic lexicography and grammar. He was a teacher of Harlin al-Rashid and his son. 'Ali ibn H ibatullah, Abu al-Qasim ibn 'Asakir (499-57r). The great Shafi'i hadith master of Greater Syria. He was born and died in Damascus. He authored many works, including Tarikh Damashq al-Kabir, a history of Damascus. 'Ali ibn Muhammad ibn I:Iabib, Abu al-I:Iasan al-Mawardi (364450). The great Shafi'I Imam. He was put in charge of the courts of Baghdad. During the 'Abbasid caliphate of al-Qa'im bi-amri-llah he was made the head judge. The term "Mawardi" is a reference to selling rose water. His many works include a/­ Rawi and al-Abkam al-Sultaniyya. He died in Baghdad. 'Ali ibn Sa'd ibn 'Abd al-Rahman, Abu al-I:Iasan (d. 493). A mas­ ter legist and a master of jurisprudence. He died in Baghdad. 'Alqama ibn Qays ibn 'Abdallah, Abu Shibi al-Nakha'i (d. 6r). A Successor who participated in the Battle of Siffin and the cam­ paigns in Khurasan. He died in Kufa. al-A'mash = Sulayman ibn Mihran 'Amir ibn Sharahil, Abu 'Amr al-Sha'bi ( r 9-rn3). A Successor who was the epitome of memorization. He was born and died in Kufa. I 66

APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES 'Ammara ibn Juwayn, Abu Haran al-'Abdi (d. 1 34). A narrator whose hadiths are rejected. He was accused of being a liar and having extreme partisanship for 'All (God be pleased with him). 'Amr ibn Murra ibn 'AbdaJlah, Abu 'Abdallah (d. 1 1 8). A trust­ worthy narrator of hadith. 'Amr ibn Sharabbil, Abu Maysara (d. 63). Ibn Bibban mentioned that his knees were as callused as a camel's from the frequency . and length of his prayer. He died from the plague. Anas ibn Malik ibn al-Nudr (d. 9 1 ). For ten years he acted as a servant for the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). He moved to Basra during the caliphate of 'Umar (God be well pleased with them) in order to teach. He was the last of the Companions to die in Basra at the age of 103 years old. He left 100 offspring. Asma' hint Abi Bakr al-Siddiq, Umm 'Abdallah (d. 73). She was older than her sister 'A'isha by ten years. One of the earliest converts to Islam. She married al-Zubayr ibn 'Awwam in Mec­ ca and bore his son 'Abdallah. She died in Mecca at the age of 100, ten days after her son's death. 'Ata ibn Abi Rabab Aslam (27-1 1 5). He was a Makkan Successor and one of the illustrious legists. He died in Mecca at the age of 88. 'Awf ibn Malik ibn Nadia, Abu al-Abwas. The Khawarij killed him during the days of al-I::Iajjaj ibn Yusuf. Some of his nar­ rations are found in al-Bukhari's al-Adah al-Mufrad, Muslim's Sabi/;, and the four Musnads. Aws ibn 'Abdallah, Abu al-Jawza' (d. 83). A trustworthy narrator who has hadiths in the six major collections of hadith. al-Awza'i = 'Abd al-Rab.man ibn 'Amr Ayyfib al-Sakhtiyani = Ayyiib ibn Abi Tamima

ETIQUETTE WITH THE QURAN Ayyiib ibn Abi Tamima Kaysan, Abii Bakr al-Sakhtiyani ( 1 3 11 66). A Successor. He was his age's chief legist, a hadith master, and ascetic. al-Baghawi = Al-Busayn ibn Mas'iid Bahz ibn I:Iakim ibn Mu'awiya ibn l:layda (d. after 140) al-Bara' ibn 'Azib ibn al-I:Iarith. He participated with 'Ali ibn Abi Talib (God be pleased with him) in the battles of the Camel, Siffin, and Nahrawan. He died in Kiifa during the time of Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr. Bashir ibn Abi Mas'iid 'Uqba ibn 'Amr. It is disputed whether he was a Companion or a Successor. al-Bazzar = Ahmad ibn 'Amr al-Bukhari = Muhammad ibn Isma'il Burayda ibn al-l:lusayb ibn 'Abdallah, Abii Sahl (d. circa 62). A Companion. He resided in Medina and then moved to Basra, and then left on the campaigns to Khurasan. He died in Merv during the caliphate of Yazid ibn Mu'awiya. His narrations are found in the six major collections. al-TMahbak ibn 'Abd al-Rabman ibn 'Azrab, al-Ash'ari, al­ Taharani, Abii 'Abd al-Rabman (d. rn5). He was 'Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz's deputy in Damascus. al-Darimi = 'Abdallah ibn 'Abd al-Rahman Dawiid = Dawiid ibn 'Ali ibn Khalaf Dawiid ibn 'Ali ibn Khalaf, Abii Sulayman al-Tahiri ["the Liter­ alist"] ( 20 1-270). He was a mujtahid Imam and founder of the Zahiri school of jurisprudence. He was known for sticking to the literal meaning of the Quran and Sunna, and avoiding interpretation and analogical reasoning. al-Dawiidi = Muhammad ibn Dawiid APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES Dhakwan ibn 'Abdallah, Abu Salib (d. ro1). A freed-slave of the Mother of the Faithful Juwayriya (God be well pleased with her). He was born during the caliphate of 'Umar (God be pleased with him). Dhu'l-Nun = Thawban ibn Ibrahim Faala ibn 'Ubayd ibn Nafidh (d. 5 3 ). A Companion. He moved to Damascus. He died there during the caliphate of Mu'awiya. Fudayl ibn 'Amr, Abu al-Nadar (d. n o). A trustworthy narrator of hadith. al-Fudayl ibn 'lyad ibn Mas'ud, al-Khurasani, Abu 'Ali ( ro51 87). His repentance for being a highway robber was to travel seeking knowledge and spend the rest of his life near the Ka'ba. Many Imams took knowledge and hadith from him, including Imam al-Shafi'i. al-Ghazali = Muhammad ibn Muhammad I:Iabib ibn Abi Thabit = I:Iabib ibn Qays ibn Dinar I:Iabib ibn Qays ibn Dinar, Abu Yahya (d. u9). A legist and nar­ rator of some 200 hadiths. Some of them are included in the six major collections of hadith. I:Iafƍa hint 'Umar ibn al-Khanab (d. 45). A wife of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). She died during the month of Sha'ban at 60 years of age. al-I:Iakim = Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah al-I:Iakm ibn 'Utayba, Abu Muhammad (or Abu 'Abdallah) ( 50u5 ) I:Iamd ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim, Abu Sulayman al-Khattabi (3 19-388). A Shafi'i legist, hadith master, and master of the Arabic language. He was born and died in Bust, located in modern day Afghanistan. His works include: Ma'iilim al-Su­ nan, Bayiin I'jiiz al-Qur'iin, Isliib Cha/at al-Mubaddithin, and his masterpiece Gharib a/-lf.adith. Among his sayings: "imiin is

ETIQUETIE WITH THE QURAN speech, which neither increases nor decreases; it is deeds, which increase and decrease; and it is conviction, which increases and does not decrease; if conviction decreases, iman disappears." I:Iamza ibn I:Iabib ibn 'Ammara (80-1 5 6). One of the seven great Imams of canonical recitations. Sufyan al-Thawri said, "l:lam­ za did not recite a single letter from the Quran without having a transmitted account [to support it]." al-I:Iarith ibn Asad, Abu 'Abdallah al-Mubasibi (d. 243 ). The Sha­ fi'i legist, expert in kalam, and Sufi master whose words moved Imam Ahmad to tears although the latter's opposition to him resulted in the people's desertion of al-Mubasibl who died in complete isolation. His name means "he who calculates his ac­ tions" or "he who excels in the examination of his conscience." One of the earliest authors of sufi treatises and the teacher of al-Junayd, he also wrote rebuttals against the Mu'tazila. One of his better known works is Risa/at al-Mustarshidin. Among his sayings: "Intellect is the light of instinct together with trials, and it increases and becomes stronger through knowledge and good character." al-I:Iarith al-Muhasibi = Al-l:larith ibn Asad al-l:lasan ibn al-l:lu­ sayn Ibn Abi Hurayra, Abu 'Ali (d. 345). The famous Shafi'i legist and Imam of the Iraqi Shafi'is. al-I:Iasan al-Baƍri = Al-I:Iasan ibn Yasar al-I:Iasan ibn Yasar, Abu Sa'id al-Baƍri ( 2 1-I I o). A Successor born in Medina who became the Imam of Baära. He escaped unscathed from his many encounters with al-I:Iajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi. He died in Baära. I:Iassan ibn 'Atiyya, Abu Bakr (d. circa 1 30 AH). Hind hint Abi Umayya Suhayl ibn al-Mughira, Umm Salama (d. 59). A wife of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). She died at the age of 84. APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES Hisham ibn I:lassan, Abu 'Abdallah (d. circa 1 47). He was one of the most trustworthy narrators from Ibn Sirin. His narrations are included in the six major collections. Hisham ibn Isma'il ibn Hisham (d. 87). At one time the governor of Medina. His daughter married 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. I:Iudbayfa ibn Qatada al-Mar'ashi. A companion of Sufyan al-Thawri who related knowledge from him. He once said that the greatest of all calamities is the hardening of hearts. I:Iudhayfa ibn al-Yaman (d. 3 5 or 3 6). Both he and his father (I:Iusayl ibn Jabir) emigrated to the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) sometime near the Battle of Badr. He was the protector of the secrets of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). He died in Mada'in, in modem day Iran, some forty days after 'Uthman (God be pleased with him) was assas­ sinated. I:lujjat al-Islam = Muhammad ibn Muhammad Abu I:lamid al­ Ghazali I:Iukaym ibn Sa'd, Abu Yabya. A Successor from the same gen­ eration as al-I:lasan al-Basri. He was a trustworthy narrator whose narrations are included in al-Bukhari's al-Adah al-Mufrad and Nasa'i's al-Sunan. I:lumayd al-A'raj = I:Iumayd ibn Qays I:Iumayd ibn Qays, Abu Safwan al-A 'raj (d. 1 3 0). A reciter. I:Iusayn ibn Ahmad ibn 'Abd al-Ghaffar, Abu 'Ali al-Parisi ibn alKatib (288-377). The well-known grammarian. His writings include: Al-Hujjat fi 'Ila/ al-Qira'at al-Sab'a and al-iab in Ara­ bic linguistics. He died in Baghdad. al-I:lusayn ibn al -Falibn 'Umayr, al-Bajali ( 178-282). An exegete of the Quran. When he moved to Naysabur the governor of the city, 'Abdallah ibn Tahir, bought a house for him so he could teach. He did so for 6 5 years. 1 7 1

ETIQUETIE WITH THE QURAN al-I:Iusayn ibn Mas 'ud, Abu Muhammad, Abu Muhammad al­ Baghawi (d. 5 1 6). A Shafi'i legist, hadith master,and exegete. He is the author of al-Tahdhib fi Fiqh al-Imam al-Shafi'i in four large tomes, an emendation of al-Qadi I:Iusayn's al-Ta'liqa, from which al-Nawawi frequently quotes in his Rawtf,. I:Iusayo ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad, al-Qadi (d. 462). A judge and a great Shafi'i scholar. The title "al-Qadi" refers to him in the Shafi'i school. Ibo 'Asakir = 'Ali Ibo Hibatullah Ibo 'Abd al-Barr = Yusuf Ibn 'Abdallah Ibo Abi Dawiid = 'Abdallah Ibo Sulayman Ibn Abi Dunya = 'Abdallah Ibn Muhammad Ibo 'Ubayd Ibn Abi Hurayra = Al-I:Iasan Ibn al-I:Iusayn Ibn Abi Mulayk = 'Abdallah Ibn 'Ubayd Ibn Abi Zayd = 'Abdallah Ibo Abi Zayd Ibn al-Katib = I:Iusayn Ibo Ahmad Ibo Majah = Muhammad Ibo Yazid Ibn al-Mubarak = 'Abdallah Ibo al-Mubarak Ibo Mujahid = Ahmad Ibo Musa Ibo al-'Abbas Ibn al-Mundhir = Muhammad Ibn Ibrahim Ibn Muqla = Muhammad Ibo 'Ali Ibo al-I:Iusayn Ibn Qutayba = 'Abdallah ibn Muslim Ibo Rahuyah = Ishaq ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Salah = 'Uthman ibn 'Abd al-Rahman Ibo Shaobudh = Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Ayyub Ibn Surayj = Ahmad ibn 'Umar

APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES Ihn Wahb = 'Abdallah ibn Wahb Ibrahim = Ibrahim ibn Yazid Ibrahim ibn Ahmad ibn Isma'il, Abu Isbaq al-Khawwas (d. 29 1 ) . A Sufi and one of the companions of Junayd. "AlKhawwas" refers to selling khaw$, the leaves of CErtain trees. Ibrahim ibn Ahmad, Abu Isbaq al-Marwazi (d. 340). A Shafi'i leg­ ist who headed the Shafi'is in Iraq after Ibn Surayj. He died in Egypt. Ibrahim ibn Khalid ibn Abi al-Yaman, Abu Thawr ( 1 70-240). One of the greatest Imams in fiqh. He was known for his knowledge, scrupulousness, and generosity. Ibrahim ibn Sa'd ibn Ibrahim, Abu Isbaq al-Zuhri (d. 1 83 ). The great hadith narrator and chief judge of Baghdad. Ibrahim ibn Yazid ibn Qays, Abu 'lmran al-Nakha'i (d. 96). A Successor from Kufa. He encountered some of the Compan­ ions and saw 'A'isha (God be pleased with them all), but he did not transmit hadith from any of them. He died while hiding from al-I:Iajjaj. Ibrahim al-Khawwas = Ibrahim ibn Ahmad Ibrahim al-Nakha'i = Ibrahim ibn Yazid 'Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl 'Amr ibn Hisbam ibn al-Mugbira (d. 1 3 ). He entered Islam upon the conquest of Mecca in 8 AH and made good his Islam. He fought in the Battle of Yarmuk during the caliphate of 'Umar (God be pleased with him). He was 62 years old. 'Ikrima, Abu 'Abdallah (27-1 07). A freed slave of Ibn 'Abbas (God have mercy upon him). He was one of the great legists of Mecca and an extensive traveler. Imam al-l;laramayn = 'Abd al-Malik ibn 'Abdallah ibn Yusuf ETIQUETTE WITH THE QURAN 'lmran ibn I:Iuƍayn, Abu Najid (d. 52). One of the more knowl­ edgeable Companions (God be well pleased with them). He died in Kufa. 'lmran ibn Mulban, Abu Raja' (d. rn5). He embraced Islam af­ ter the conquest of Mecca, but never encountered the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). He was over 1 20 years old when he died. Isbaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Mukhallad, Abu Ya'qiib Ibn Rahuyah ( 1 6 1-23 8). A great hadith master and the scholar of Khurasan in his age. He traveled in search of hadith, and studied under Imams Ahmad ibn I:Ianbal, al-Bukhari, Muslim, Tirrnidhi, Nasa'i, and others. He taught Ibn Qutayba. Abu Qudama considered him greater than Imam Ahmad in memorization of hadith, a remarkable assessment considering Ahmad's knowledge of 700,000 to a million narrations according to his son 'Ab­ dallah's and Abu Zur'a al-Razi's estimations. Ahmad himself named him "Commander of the Believers in Hadith," the high­ est grade in hadith Mastership, owned by no more than thirty Masters in Islamic history. He did not reach the same stature in fiqh. lsma'il ibn Abmad ibn 'AbdalJah, Abu 'Abd al-Rahman (d. 430 AH) A Shafi'i scholarandQuranicexegete. 'Iya ibn Musa ibn 'Iya Abu al-Falal-Qadi (476-544). The great Andalusian scholar of hadith and its associated sciences, and a scholar of Arabic. His well-known works include al-Shifa and a commentary on Sabib Muslim which serves as a base for Imam al-Nawawi's commentary. Jabir ibn 'Abdallah ibn 'Amr (d. 74). One of the most famous Companions and a transmitter of many hadith. He was one of the last Companions to die in Medina. He lived 94 years. Ja'far ibn Muhammad al-Baqir ibn 'Ali Zayn al-'Abidin ibn al-I:lu­ sayn ibn 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, Abu 'Abdallah al-Sadiq (80-148). A descendent of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). 1 74

APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES A Successor and one of the greatest Imams of AHl al-Sunna. He was born and died in Medina. His mother was Umm Farwa hint al-Qasim ibn Mubammad ibn Abi Bakr the daughter of Asma' hint 'Abd al-Rabman ibn Abi Bakr, hence he used to say: "Abu Bakr al-Siddiq is twice my father." In another nar­ ration he says: "What man curses his own grandfather? May the intercession of Mubammad (God bless him and give him peace) not include me if I do not consider Abu Bakr and 'Umar my leaders! I repudiate whoever repudiates them." Al-Dhahabi stated that the latter statement is mutawiitir from Ja'far. Ja'far al-Sadiq = Ja'far ibn Muhammad al-Baqir al-Ju'i = Al-Qasim ibn 'Uthman al-Junayd ibn Muhammad ibn al-Junayd, Abu al-Qasim (d. 297). Some scholars consider him to be the founder of tasawwuf because of his strict adherence to the Quran and sunna, and because he is free from blameworthy beliefs, extremism, and everything the Shari'a demands be avoided. He was born and died in Baghdad. He made the Pilgrimage on foot thirty times. He defined tasawwuf as "the upholding of every high manner and the repudiation of every low one." Jundub ibn Junada, Abu Dharr (d. 3 2). He was the first to greet the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) with Islam's greeting: Al-Saliimu 'alaykum ("Peace be upon you"). He con­ verted to Islam at an early date, and then returned to his tribe. al-Juwayni = 'Abd al-Malik ibn 'Abdallah Ka'b ibn Malik ibn 'Amr (d. 50). He was a poet who used his im­ mense skill for the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). He was one of the three to stay back from the Battle of Tabuk. His repentance and its acceptance is recorded in the Quran. He died at the age of 77. al-Khatib Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi = Ahmad ibn 'Ali ibn Thabit al-Khanabi = I:Iamd ibn Muhammad ETIQUETIE WITH THE QURAN Khaythama ibn Sulayman ibn l:laydara, Abu al-l:lasan (250-343). The great Syrian hadith master of his time. He died in Tarablus, Syria. al-Kisa'i = 'Ali ibn l:lamza al-Layth ibn Sa'd ibn 'Abd al-Rabman, Abu al-l:larith (94-175). The chief scholar of Egypt in his age. Imam al-Shafi'i consid­ ered him superior to even Imam Malik. Ma'qil ibn Yasar ibn 'Abdallah (d. after 60). A Companion who has narrations in the six major collections of hadith. Makhiil ibn 'Abdallah (d. 1 12). The top legist of Damascus during his time. Al-Zuhri praised him, saying that "there are [only] four scholars: Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib in Medina, al-Sha'bi in Kufa, al-I:Iasan in Basra, and Makhul in Greater Syria." Malik ibn Anas (93-179). The great Madinan Imam and founder of the school of jurisprudence that bears his name. When the Caliph Hariin al-Rashid (God be pleased with him) ordered him to come to relate hadith to him, his reply was, "Knowl­ edge is something that is sought, not brought." He authored al-Muwatta in response to the Caliph Mansiir's request for a book of prophetic hadith. Imam al-Shafi'i, who studied under him, praised him saying that "Malik is God's proof over His creation." Malik ibn Rabi'a ibn al-Badan, Abu Usayd (d. circa 40). He car­ ried the standard of Bani Sa'ida on the day that Mecca was conquered. He has narrations in the six major books of hadith. Manƍur ibn Zadhan, Abii al-Mughira (d. l 3 l). He was born during the life of Ibn 'Umar (God be pleased with him). Masruq ibn al-Ajda' ibn Malik, Abu 'A'isha (d. 63). A Successor who was alive during the time of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) but entered Islam after his death (God bless him and give him peace). al-Mawardi = 'Al:i ibn Muhammad ibn I:Iabib

APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES Mu'adh ibn Anas al-Juhani. Included among the people of Egypt. Mu'an ibn Rifa'a, Abu Muhammad (d. after 1 50). From the same generation as Imams Malik and Sufyan al-Thawri. He is a somewhat weak narrator. Mu'awiya ibn Qurra ibn Iyyas, Abu lyyas (d. n 3 ). A scholar and trustworthy narrator. He died at the age of 76. Mu'awiya ibn Sakhr ibn I:Iarb (d. 60). A scribe for the Revelation and the founder of the Umayyid dynasty. He embraced Islam with his father Abu Sufyan on the day of Mecca's conquest, 8 AH. 'Umar (God be pleased with him) appointed him governor of Damascus, where he died. Muhammad = Muhammad ibn al-I:Iasan Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah al-Nisaburi, Abu 'Abdallah al-I:Iakim (321-405). The well-known haclith scholar and legist. His more famous works include Mustadrik 'ala al-Sabibayn, and Ma'rifat 'Ulum al-Hadith. The latter is one of the first books concerning hadith sciences. Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Ayyub ibn al-salah ibn Shanbudh, Abu alI:Iasan (240(?)-328). One of the greatest Quran reciters in Baghdad. When the city's governor became aware of him spreading aberrant opinions regarding recitation, he called for him to debate the other masters of recitation. He declared the other scholars ignorant and grew angry with the governor. He repented and was banished. Imam al-Dhahabi indicates that in spite of his mistakes, he deserves the same respect owed all masters of the Quran. Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn al-I:Iusayn ibn Muqlah, Abu 'Ali (272- ) Poet, litterateur, and calligrapher. He served as an adviser to three separate rulers. Muhammad ibn Dawud ibn Muhammad, Abu Bakr al-Saydalani alDawudi (d. 427). He was a Shafi'i legist and hadith narrator. 1 77

ETIQUETIE WITH THE QURAN Muhammad ibn al-l:lasan ibn Firqad, Abu 'Abdallah ( 1 3 1-1 89). An Imam who studied under Abu I:Ianlfa and then under Abu Yusuf. His books include al-Jami' al-Kabir and al-Jami' al­ Saghir. Muhammad ibn al-I:Iusayn ibn Muhammad, Abu 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami (3 25-4 1 5 ). The great Sufi scholar who was born and died in Naysabiir. Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn al-Mundhir, Abu Bakr (242-3 19). A Shafi'i legist and mujtahid. He was the chief scholar of the Meccan sanctuary in his time. He died in Mecca. Muhammad ibn Idris ibn al-'Abbas, Abu 'Abdallah al-Shafi'i ( 1 50-205). The great legist and founder of the school bear­ ing his name. As a youth he was excellent in marksmanship, language, poetry, and the history of the Arabs. He then took to fiqh and hadith, and became qualified to give religious ver­ dicts by the time he was fifteen year sold. ImamAhmad praised him saying, "The likeness of al-Shafi'i to other people is as the likeness of the sun to the earth." His works include al-Umm, al-Risa/a, al-Musnad, Faa'il Quraysh, Adah al-Qadi, and oth­ ers. He died in Egypt. Muhammad ibn 'Isa ibn Sawra ibn Musa ibn al-Dhahak al-Su­ lami alTirmidhi, Abu 'Isa (d. 279). The great blind hadith mas­ ter and author of al-Jami'. The second most brilliant student of Bukhari after Muslim. Muhammad ibn lsma'il ibn al-'Abbas, Abii Bakr al-Warraq (293378). Muhammad ibn Isma'il ibn Ibrahim al-Bukhari, Abu 'Abdallah ( 1 94-257). The hadith master of his generation. He authored his Sahib choosing from over 600,000 hadiths which became the soundest book in Islam after the Quran. Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad, Abu l:lamid al-Ghazali, Hujjat al-Islam (450-505). A Shafi'i legist, Sufi, and theologian. His works include: Ibya 'Ulum al-Din,

APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES Tahafut al-Falasifa, al-Musta$fa fi 'Ilm Usu/ al-Fiqh, al-Wasit, and al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad. Mubammad ibn Muslim ibn 'Abdallah ibn Shihab, Abu Bakr al­ Zuhri (58-1 24). A Successor. One of the greatest of all jusrists and hadith masters ever. He is credited with being the first to systematically record hadith. Muhammad ibn Sirin, Abu Bakr (d. no). A freed slave of Anas ibn Malik (God be pleased with him) and a famous and illus­ trious Successor. He was a legist, transmitter of hadith, and an ascetic. He died at the age of 77. Muhammad ibn Yazid, Abu 'Abdallah Ibn Majah (209-273 ). A great hadith master, legist, and Quranic exegete. His Sunan is among the six major collections of hadith. Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Ya'qub, Abu Bakr al-Kindi (283-3 5 5). The most knowledgeable historian of Egypt. He also had knowledge in hadith and lineage. Mujahid ibn Jahr, Abu al-I:Iajjaj (21-104). A Successor who stud­ ied exegesis from Ibn 'Abbas (God be pleased with him). He became the chief of the reciters and exegetes. He died while prostrate in Prayer. Mujalid ibn Sa'id ibn 'Umayr,Abu 'Amr (d. 1 44).A hadith narrator who was not strong. al-Musayyib ibn Rafi',Abual-'Ala'(d. 105). A blind legist. Muslim ibn al-l:Iajjaj ibn Muslim al-Qushayri, al-Naysaburi, Abu al-I:Iusayn (204-26 1 ). The most brilliant student of Bukhari and the author of the Sabib, the third soundest book in Islam after the Quran and al-Bukhari's Sabib. Mutarrif ibn 'Abdallah ibn al-Sbikhkhir, Abu 'Abdallah ( d. after 80). A Successor and great ascetic. It is said that he was born the year of the Battle of Badr or the year of Ubud. al-Mutawalli = 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ma'min 1 79

ETIQUETTE WITH THE QURAN Nafi' = Nafi' ibn Abi Na'im Nafi' ibn Abi Na'im'Abdal-Rahman, Abu Ruwaym (d. 1 69). One of the seven Imams of canonical recitation. He was born during the caliphate of 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. Although he is somewhat weak as a narrator of hadith, there is agree­ ment that he is most trustworthy in narrating the Quran. al-Nasa'i = Ahmad ibn Shu'ayb NaÞr ibn Ibrahim ibn Naƍr, Abu al-Fath al-Maqdisi (377-490). The head of the Shafi'is in Greater Syria in his age. He died in Damascus. al-Nahhas = Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Nu'man ibn Thabit ibn Zufa, Abu I:Ianifa (80-1 50). The great legist and founder of the school bearing his name. He was known for his noble character, sound intellect, and beautiful appearance. Imam al-Shafi'i praised him saying, "All scholars depend on Abu I:Ianifa in fiqh." Qabisa ibn Dhu'ayb, Abu Sa'id (7-86). A child of one of the Com­ panions (God be pleased with them). A legist with narrations in the six major collections of hadith. He died in Damascus. al-Qadi Abu al-Tayyib = Tahir ibn 'Abdallah al-Qadi I:Iusayn = I:Iusayn ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Qadi 'Iyad = 'IyacJ ibn Musa al-Qaffal = 'Abdallah ibn Ahmad al-Qasim = Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Siddiq (d. ror). He was one of the seven great legists of Medina. He died in Qadid. al-Qasim ibn 'Uthman, al-Ju'i (d. 248). Shaykh of the Sufis. "Al­ Ju'i" is a reference to ju', that is, hunger. 1 80

APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES Qatada ibn Du'ama ibn Qatada, Abu al-Khanab (61-I I8). The hadith master of his age and exegete. He was blind. Imam Ah­ mad said: "Qatada has the best memorization of all in Baära." He died in Wasit from the plague. Qays ibn I:Iabtar. He narrates from the older Sucessors. He is considered a trustworthy narrator and has hadiths in Abu Dawud's Sunan. Rafi' ibn Mahran, Abu al-' Ali ya ( d. 9 3 ) . He saw the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) but did not enter Islam until the caliphate of Abu Bakr (God be pleased with him). al-Rabi' ibn Sulayman ibn 'Abd al-Jabbar ibn Kamil,Abu Muham­ mad ( 1 74-270). A hadith Master and direct student of al-Sha­ fi'J. He was born and died in Egypt. al-Rafi'i = 'Abdal-Karim ibn Muhammad al-Rammadi = Ahmad ibn Manäur ibn Sayyar Rifa'a ibn 'Abd al-Mundbir, Abu Lubaba. He died during the ca­ liphate of 'Ali (God be pleased with him). His narrations are found in al-Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, and Ibn Majah. al-Ruwyani = 'Abd al-Wahid ibn Isma'il ibn Ahmad Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqaƍ = Sa'd ibn Malik Sa'd ibn Malik ibn Sanan, al-Khazraji, al-Anƍari, al-Khudri, Abu Sa'id (d. 74). A Companion who narrated many hadiths. He died at 84 years of age. Sa'd ibn Malik ibn Wahb (d. 5 5 ). An early convert to Islam. His conversion was at the hand of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (God be pleased with him). He was the first to let loose an arrow in jihad and one of ten Companions told during their lives that they will enter Paradise. During 'Umar's caliphate and part of 'Uthman's (God be well. pleased with them) He was responsible for managing the city of Kufa. He died on his property outside of Medina and was carried to Medina for burial in Bagi'. 1 8 1

ETIQUETIE WITH THE QURAN Sa'd ibn 'Ubada (d. I 5 ). He carried the standard of the Messenger of God (God bless him and give him peace) on the day that Mecca was conquered. He died during the caliphate of 'Umar (God be pleased with him) in Huran, Syria. Sahl ibn 'Abdallah ibn Yunis al-Tustari, Abu Muhammad (200283). The well-known Sufi Imam. He used to practice perpet­ ual fasting and prayed all night. He reached a point where he broke his fast only once every twenty-five nights on one dir­ ham's worth of barley bread for twenty years. He recommend­ ed the study of hadith as the highest pursuit. Among his say­ ings: "People are all drunk except the scholars, and the scholars are all confused except those who practice what they know." Sahl ibn Muhammad ibn 'Uthman, Abu l:Iatim al-Sajistani (d. 248). One of the great scholars of lexicography and poetry. He was from Baära and authored several works. Sahl ibn Sa'd ibn Malik (d. 9 I ). The last Companion to die in Medina. Sa'id ibn jubayr, Abu 'Abdallah (46-9 5 ). The most knowledgeable of the Successors. Imam Ahmad ibn I:Ianbal said concerning him that "Al-J:Iajjaj killed Sa'id, and there was not a single per­ son on the face of the earth who did not need his knowledge." Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib ibn l:Iazn ibn Abi Wahb, Abu Muhammad (d. 94). One of the seven great jurists of Medina. He was born two years after the beginning of the caliphate of 'Umar (God be pleased with him). He combined fiqh, hadith, abstinence, and scrupulousness. He was the most knowledgeable Successor concerning the judgments of 'Umar (God be pleased with him). He died in Medina. Sa'id ibn Salam, Abu 'Uthman al-Maghribi (d. 373). A Sufi Shaykh. A saying of his is that "the delivery from delusion is adhering to the Shari'a." Sa'id ibn Muhammad ibn Subayh, Abu 'Uthman (2I9-303). A Maliki legist and scholar of hadith who spent time with I 82

APPENDIX THREE: B RIEF BIOGRAPHIES Sabnun. He authored a book concerning difficult words in the Quran. Salim ibn 'Abdallah ibn 'Umar ibn al-Khattab (d. 1 06). He was one of the seven great legists of Medina. He died in Medina. Salman al-Anmati = I could not locate him in my notes. Salman al-Farisi, Abu 'Abdallah (d. 34) The well-known and illus­ trious Companion who originally came from Persia. al-Sari ibn al-Mughallis al-Saqti, Abu al-I:Iasan ( 1 60 -253). A great Sufi. His sayings include, "Anyone incapable of disciplin­ ing himself is even less capable of disciplining others." He was al-Junayd's uncle. al-Saydalani = Muhammad ibn Dawud al-Sba'bi = 'Amir ibn Sharabi! al-Sbafi'i = Muhammad ibn Idris Shaqiq ibn Salama, Abu Wa'il (d. 82). A noble Successor who reached the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) but did not see him. 'Asim ibn Abi al-Nujud said, "I never heard Abu Wa'il curse a human being nor an animal." Sburayb ibn al-I:Iaritb ibn Qays ibn al-jahm, Abu Umaya (d. 78). A Successor and famous early judge. He embraced Islam during the life of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace) but did not see him. He was put in charge of the courts in Kufa during the caliphates of 'Umar, 'Uthman, 'Ali, and Mu'awiya (God be well pleased with them one and all). He was a trust­ worthy narrator of hadith and trusted in judgments. He lived a long life. Sudi ibn 'Ujlan al-Bahili, Abu Umama (d. 8 1 or 86). A Compan­ ion who died in Barns, Syria at the age of 9 r . He was one of the last Companions (God be well pleased with them) to pass away in Greater Syria.

ETIQUETTE WITH THE QURAN Sufyan ibn Sa'id ibn Masruq al-Thawri, Abu 'Abdallah (97-1 6 1 ). The premier Imam of hadith, jurisprudence, and piety for his time. He is, with Abii I:Ianifa, the chief representative of the School of Kiifa. Ahmad called him the Imam par excellence and Ibn al-Mubarak said, "I learned from eleven-hundred shaykhs, but none better than Sufyan." al-Sulami = Muhammad ibn al-I:Iusayn Sulaym ibn 'ltr, Abu Salama al-Tajibi (d. 75). A trustworthy nar­ rator. Sulayman ibn Ahmad ibn Ayyiib ibn Mutir, Abu al-Qasim al­ Tabarani ( 260-360). He began listening to hadith in 273 AH. He gathered hadith from more than moo shaykhs and was a prolific writer and the hadith master of his age. He died in Isfahan. Sulayman ibn al-Ash'ath ibn Shidad, al-Azdi, al-Sajistani, Abu Dawud (202-275). An Imam in jurisprudence, hadith, and oth­ er sciences, he was a student of Imam Ahmad ibn I:Ianbal. He authored many works. His Sunan is one of the six canonical collections of hadith. Sulayman ibn Dawiid ibn l:lammad, Abu al-Rabi' ( d. 2 5 3). Imams Abii Dawiid and al-Nasa'i transmitted from him and declared him trustworthy. He is reported to have been a Maliki legist. Sulayman ibn Mihran, Abu Muhammad al-A'mash (61-148). A master of Quran, hadith, and inheritance laws. He was nick­ named "the musbaf' as an allusion to his truthfulness and re­ liability. Sulayman ibn Yasar, Abu Ayyub (34-107). A free slave of Mother of the Faithful Maymiina (God be well pleased with her). He was born during the caliphate of 'Umar (God be pleased with him) and one of the seven great legists of Medina. al-Tabarani = Sulayman ibn Ahmad ibn Ayyub

APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES Tahir ihn 'Abdallah ihn Tahir al-Tahari, Ahii al-Tayyih (348450). A legist and notable of the Shafi'imadhhab. Talha ihn Musarrif ihn Ka'h, Ahii Muhammad (d. u 2). The best Quran reciter of his time. A trustworthy narrator with hadiths in the six major collections of hadith. He was known for his scrupulousness and Tpious deeds. Tamim ihn Aws ihn Kharija al-Dari, Ahii Ruqaya. A Christian who entered Islam in 9 AH. He resided in Medina and moved to Greater Syria after the assassination of 'Uthman (God be pleased with him). He later returned to Medina, where he died. Tamim al-Dari = Tamlm ibn Aws Tawiis ihn Kaysan, Ahii 'Ahd al-Rahman (33-rn6). A legist and hadith narrator, and one of the greatest of the Successors. He was courageous in admonishing the caliphs and governors. He died while performing Hajj. al-Tha'lahi = Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Thawhan ihn Ibrahim al-Ikhmimi al-Misri, Ahii al-Faya Dhii'l­ Niin (d. 245). A freed slave of Nubian origin. He is one of the most famous of the early Sufis. al-Tirmidhi = Muhammad ibn 'Isa 'Umar ihn 'Ahd al-'Aziz ihn Marwan ihn al-l:lakam (61-r n1). Considered the fifth of the Rightly Guided Caliphs. He was a man of great knowledge, a hadith master, ascetic, and mu­ jtahid. His mother was Layla hint 'Asirn ibn 'Umar ibn al­ Khattab, Umm 'Asim. He was known for his fairness, absti­ nence, and Godfearingness. In 99 AH he succeeded Sulayman ibn 'Abd al-Malik as caliph. 'Umar ihn al-Khanah, Ahii l:lafsa (d. 23 ). Second of the Rightly Guided Caliphs. He was known for his fairness, judiciousness and strength. He was the first caliph to be given the title "Com­ mander of the Faithful'', the first person to base dates using the Hijra, the first to gather the Quran in one volume, and the

ETIQUETIE WITH THE QURAN first to gather the people together for Tarawib Prayer. He was murdered while leading the Dawn Prayer. He was 63 years old and had been caliph for ten and a half years. He was buried in the house of 'A'isha, near the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). 'Ubadat ibn al-Samat ibn Qays, Abu al-Walid (d. 34). 'Omar sent him to Greater Syria as a judge and teacher. He resided in I::Iams and then moved to Palestine. He died at the age of 72. Ubay ibn Ka'b (d. 1 9). One of the scribes of the Revelation and one of six Companions to memorize the Quran during the life of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). He was the most skillful at reciting the Quran. He died in Medina. Umm Salama = Hind bint Abi Umayya 'Uqba ibn 'Amr ibn Tha'laba, Abu Mas'ud. A Companion who resided in Kufa and died during the caliphate of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib. 'Urwa ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-'Awwam, Abu 'Abdallah (22-93 ). One of the seven great legists of Medina. He was knowledgeable, righteous, generous, and a trustworthy narrator. He abstained from engaging in the various dissentions [fitan]. He died in Me­ dina. 'Uthman ibn 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Uthman, Abu 'Amr Ibn al­ Salah (d. 643 ). The great Shafi'i legist and hadith scholar. He served as a teacher in Dar al-I::Iadith, in Damascus, where he dictated what has come to be one of the classic manuals on hadith sciences. 'Uthman ibn 'Affan, Abu 'Abdallah (d. 3 5). Third of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and one of those famed for reciting the entire Quran in a single rak 'a. He married two of the daughters of the Messenger of God (God bless him and give him peace), Ruqayya and, after Ruqayya's death, Umm Kulthilm, and was thus given the nickname " he of the two lights." He gathered together the Quran which he had read in its entirety before the 1 86

APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES Prophet's death (God bless him and give him peace). During his tenure as Caliph, Armenia, Caucasia, Khurasan, Kirman, Sijistiin, Cyprus, and much of North Africa were added to the dominions of Islam. 'Uthman ibn Sa'id ibn 'Uthman, Abu 'Amr al-Dani (371-444). An Andalusian Imam in the sciences of Quran, a hadith master, and an exegete. He authored over l OO works. Wahb ibn 'Abdallah, Abu Jubayfa (d. 74). One of the younger Companions. 'Ali (God be pleased with him) put him in charge of the Muslim common fund in Kufa, and he participated in all of 'All's battles (God be pleased with him). He died in Kufa. al-Wabidi = 'Ali ibn Ahmad al-Warraq = Muhammad ibn Isma'il Yabya ibn Abi al-Khayr Salim ibn As'ad, Abu al-Khayr (d. 5 58). He memorized al-Shirazi's al-Muhadhdhab and later com­ mented on it in al-Bayytin. Yabya ibn Waththab (d. 103). A Successor and the chief Quranic scholar in Kufa during his time. He has few narrations even though he is a trustworthy narrator. Ya'qub ibn Ibrahim ibn l::labib, Abu Yusuf ( 1 1 3-1 82). A legist and hadith master. He studied under Imam Abu }:Ianifa and was the first to spread his madhab, as well as the first to record fiqh. He was appointed judge during the caliphates of al-Mahdi, al-Hadi, and al-Rashid. Yazid ibn Aban al-Raqashi, Abu 'Amr. An ascetic. Some of his narrations are found in al-Adah al-Mu­ frad, al-Tirmidhi's Jami', and Ibn Majah's Sunan. Yazid al-Raqashi = Yazid ibn Aban Yusuf ibn 'Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Barr ibn 'Asim, Abu 'Umar (378-463 ). The great Andalusian hadith master, Maliki scholar, Quran master, and historian. Al-Qurtubi cites him about five hundred times in his Tafsir. Among his master­ pieces: Al-Intiqti' fi Fadti'il al-Thaltithat al-A'immat al-Fuqahti'

ETIQUETIE WITH THE QURAN Malik wa'l-Shafi'i wa Abi ljanifa (The Hand Picked Excellent Merits of the Three Great Jurisprudent Imams: Malik, Shafi'i, and Abu I:Ianifa); al-Istidhkar Ii madhab 'Ulama' al-Am$ar fi ma Tadammanahu al-Muwatta' min Ma'ani al-Ra'i wa'l­ Athar (The Memorization of the Doctrine of the Scholars of the World Concerning the Juridical Opinions and the Narra­ tions Found in Malik's Muwatta'); al-Isti'ab fi Asma' al-A$bab (The Comprehensive Compilation of the Names of the Proph­ et's Companions); Jami' Bayan al-'I /mi wa Fadlihi wa ma Yan­ baghi fi Riwayatihi wa I:Iamlih (Compendium Exposing the Nature of Knowledge and Its Immense Merit, and What is Re­ quired in the Process of Narrating it and Conveying it). Of his book al-Tamhid Lima fi'l-Muwatta' min al-Ma'ani wa'l-Asanid (The Facilitation to the Meanings and Chains of Transmission Found in Malik's Muwatta') his friend Ibn I:Iazm said: "I do not know of anything like it with regard to the superlative un­ derstanding of hadith, let alone better than it." Zabban ibn 'Ammar, Abu 'Amr al-Baƍri (70-1 54). A scholar of lexicography and literature, and one of the seven Imams of canonical recitation. He was born in Mecca, raised in Baära, and died in Kufa. Zayd ibn Thabit al-TMabbak ibn Zayd ibn Lawdhan (d. 45). One of the scribes of the Prophet (God bless him and give him peace). He was one of the legists of the Companions (God be pleased with them), and the most learned concerning inheri­ tance laws. During the caliphate of Abu Bakr (God be pleased with him) he participated in gathering and writing the Quran. Then during the caliphate of 'Othman (God be pleased with him) he helped in copying it. He died in Medina at 5 6 years of age. Zayd ibn Sahl ibn al-Aswad ibn I:Iaram, Abu Talba (d. 3 1 ). A Companion who died at the age of 77. 1 88

APPENDIX THREE: BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES Zubayd ibn al-I:Iarith ibn 'Abd al-Karim, Abii 'Abd al-Rahman (d. 1 22). He was a hadith master with narrations in the six major collections. Zufar ibn al-Hudhayl ibn Qays al-'Anbari ( uo-1 57). The pi­ ous Mujtahid Imam and trustworthy hadith master of noble birth, "extremely scrupulous, sharp in his analogies, scarce in his writing, memorizing everything he writes" (Wakl'), "trust­ worthy and reliable" (Yahya ibn Ma'm), "a man of wisdom, religion, understandjng, and scrupulous Godfearingness" (Ibn 'Abd al-Barr), "the Godly Mujtahid Faqih .. . one of the oceans of Fiqh and the truly wise men of the time" (al-Dhahabi). A principal student of Abu I:Ianifa and successor to Ab ii Yusuf. He died in Basra, where he was the chief judge. al-Zuhri = Muhammad ibn Muslim Zurara ibn Awfa, al-'Amiri, al-Basri, Abii l:lajib (d. 93 ). The judge of Basra.