Introduction

The History of Islam (Volume Two) By Akbar Shah Najeebabadi Revised by Safi-ur-Rahman Mubaralpuri Edited by Abdul Rahman Abdullah Formerly Raymond J. Manderola Fordham University, USA and Muhammad Tahir Salafi jffi DARUSSALAM DARUSSALAM GLOBAL LEADER IN ISLAMIC BOOKS Riyadh • Jeddah • Sharjah • Lahore London • Houston • New York D

In the Name of Allah the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful

Publishers Note We are presenting before you the second volume of the book History of Islam. This book was originally written in the Urdu language in 1922 (1343 AH) by Akbar Shah Khan Najeebabadi. This was the time about 25 years before the partition of Indian Subcontinent into Pakistan and India. For the purpose of brevity, the compiler has presented the authentic events in concise form from the famous histories of Islam written in the Arabic and Persian languages by the great Muslim historians like Tabari, Ibn Athir, Mas'udi, Abul-Fida', Ibn Khaldun and Suyuti, apart from getting benefited from the authentic books of Ahadith for the compilation of the part about the biography of the Prophet Muhammad ~- So, this compilation is actually the extract of the works of the famous Muslim historians. First volume of this book was heartily greeted by the readers. Now we are proud to present the second volume. In the first volume, starting with the introduction of the history as a subject, the country, people and conditions of Arabia prior to the advent of Islam were discusse-l, and an account of the life of Prophet Muhammad ~ was presentl d including the hardships and opposition he faced while propagati1;g the message of Islam, and the details of migration and the period aft, r it until his death. After that the description of Rightly Guide,:l Caliphate was also discussed in its full perspective. The History of Islam In this second volume, starting with the Caliphate of Banu Umayyah, the martydom of Imam HusainB, and the Caliphate of the Abbasids, all areas have been covered as far as the expansion of Islam was. We hope that the readers will find this volume also of great help in the study of Islamic history. The famous scholar Safi-ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri has revised the Urdu edition before its translation to check the authenticity aspect. The translation was done by the Translation Department of Darussalam, and every care has been taken to reproduce the events and the names of the persons and places as accurately as possible. We thank all the persons who have cooperated with us to complete this task and produce it before you into a presentable form. May Allah accept our humble efforts in this regard and send His peace and blessings on our Prophet Muhammad, his Companions and his followers. -Amin! Abdul Malik Mujahid General Manager Darussalam

Table of Contents Publishers Note ............................................................................................. 5 Chapter-1 Caliphate of Banu Umayyah (First Phase) .............................................. 19 Amir Muawiya= 11 <-?) ............................................................................. 26 Virtues and Habits ................................................................................ 29 Important events during Amir Muawiya's Caliphate ..................... 31 Appointment of Officials ..................................................................... 32 Zeyad bin Abi Sufyan = 11 <-? J ............................................................ 33 Invasion of Constantinople .................................................................. 35 Yazid the Heir Apparent... ................................................................... 37 Zeyad bin Abi Sufyan in Kufa ............................................................. 41 The death of Zeyad bin Abi Sufyan .................................................... 44 The death of Aisha Lp 11 <-? J ................................................................ 46 The death of Amir Muawiya= 11 <-?) ................................................ 46 A Glance at Amir Muawiya's = 11 <-?)Caliphate ................................... 47 Answer to a doubt.. ......................................................................... 49 Yazid bin.Muawiya .................................................................................... 56 Muslim bin Aqil and Hani bin Urwa Murdered .............................. 65 Imam Husain= 11 <-?) Leaves Makkah .............................................. 66 The Disaster at Karbala ........................................................................ 70 The History of Islam Water Banned .................................................................................. 74 The Martyrdom of Imam Husain= 11 c.?) ......................................... 79 Obaidullah bin Zeyad's Frustration .............................................. 80 The Events in Makkah and Madinah ................................................. 81 Opposition to Yazid's Caliphate ......................................................... 83 The Siege of Makkah and Yazid's Death ........................................... 87 Conquests During Yazid's Reign ........................................................ 89 Martyrdom of Oqba ........................................................................ 90 A Glance at Yazid's Caliphate .................................................................. 91 Muawiya bin Yazid .................................................................................... 95 Bay'at for Ibn Zeyad in Basra ............................................................... 95 Ibn Zubair's Caliphate in Iraq ............................................................. 96 lbn Zubair's Caliphate in Egypt .......................................................... 97 Marwan bin Hakam ................................................................................... 99 Bay'at for the Caliphate and the Battle of Marj Rahat ...................... 99 The Battle of Tawwabeen (pentients) ............................................... 104 The Battle of Khawarij ........................................................................ 106 The Siege of Qarqisa ........................................................................... 107 Succession of Marwan' s sons ............................................................ 107 Death of Marwan bin Hakam ............................................................ 108 Abdullah bin Zubair ................................................................................ 109 Early life and Habits ..................................................................... 109 Important Events of lbn Zubair's Caliphate ................................... 111 Mukhtar's Mischief ............................................................................. 112 Mukhtar's claim to Prophethood and Ali's chair ...................... 120 Obaidullah bin Zeyad was killed ...................................................... 122 Najdeh bin Amir Captures Yamamah ........................................ 123 Preparation for the Invasion on Kufa ............................................... 123 The Death of Mukhtar and Capture of Kufa ................................... 125 Amr bin Sayeed was killed .......................................................... 127 Mus'ab bin Zubair's Imprudence ..................................................... 129 Abdul Malik' s War Preparations ...................................................... 130 The Death of Mus'ab bin Zubair ....................................................... 131 Zafar bin Harith and Abdul Malik ................................................... 134 The News of Mus' ab bin Zubair' s Death in Makkah ..................... 135 Abdul Malik and Abdullah bin Zubair (= 11 __,..;,J) ........................... 136 Siege of Makkah .................................................................................. 137 •

Table of Contents Martyrdom of lbn Zubair (-= .;;,1 -..,---"J) ................................................. 140 A Glance at Abdullah lbn Zubair's (-= 11 -.,-;,)) Caliphate ..................... 145 Kufa .................................................................................................... 146 Abdul Malik bin Marwan ........................................................................ 148 Important Events of Abdul Malik's Caliphate ................................ 151 The Mischief of the Khawarij ............................................................ 151 Hajjaj and Muhallab Honored ........................................................... 158 The Betrayal of the People of Kush city and Huraith bin Qatna .. 159 Muhallab's Death and His Will ......................................................... 161 Hajjaj bin Yusuf and Abdur Rahman bin.Mohamrnad .................. 162 The Population of the City of Wasit ................................................. 167 Yazid bin Muhallab Dismissed ......................................................... 167 Musa bin Hazim .................................................................................. 168 The Beginning of the Islamic Coins .................................................. 170 Succession of Waleed and Sulaiman ................................................ 172 The Death of Abdul Malik bin Marwan .......................................... 172 Summary .............................................................................................. 173 Chapter2 Caliphate of Banu Umayyah (Second Phase) ...................................... 175 Waleed bin Abdul Malik ......................................................................... 175 Qutaiba bin Muslim Bahli .................................................................. 178 Mohammad bin Qasim ...................................................................... 181 Hajjaj bin Yusuf Thaqfi ....................................................................... 184 Musa bin Nusayr ................................................................................. 185 Death of Waleed bin Abdul Malik .................................................... 186 Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik ...................................................................... 187 The Murder of Qutaiba ...................................................................... 187 Death of Mohammed bin Qasim. ...................................................... 188 The End of Musa bin Nusayr ............................................................ 189 Yazid bin Muhallab ............................................................................ 189 Maslama bin Abdul Malik ................................................................. 191 Morals and Habits of Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik ......................... 192 Succession ....................................................................................... 192 Death of Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik ................................................ 193 Umar bin Abdul Aziz (.JJ1 a-J) .................................................................. 194 Caliphate ........................................................................................ 196 Causes of Banu Umayyah's Displeasure ......................................... 200 Virtues and Habits .............................................................................. 202 • The History of Islam Khawarij ............................................................................................... 208 Death ............................................... ............................... .. .. .................. 209 Children and Wives ............................................................................ 211 A Glance at Umar bin Abdul Aziz's Administration .......................... 211 Yazid bin Abdul Malik ............................................................................ 213 Hisham bin Abdul Malik ......................................................................... 217 Events in Khorasan ............................................................................. 217 Harith bin Shuraih .............................................................................. 222 Cities of Khadar and Armenia .......................................................... 225 Caesar of Rome ................................................................................... 227 Zaid bin Ali .......................................................................................... 228 The Conspiracy of the Abbasids ....................................................... 230 Waleed bin Yazid bin Abdul Malik ....................................................... 232 Division of Provinces During Banu Umayyah's Regime ............... 233 Yazid bin Waleed bin Abdul Malik ....................................................... 236 Ibrahim bin Waleed bin Abdul Malik .............................................. ...... 240 Marwan bin Mohammad bin Marwan bin Hakam ....................... ...... 241 Khawarij ............................................................................................... 245 The Reign of Marwan bin Mohammad ............................................ 249 A Synopsis of Banu Umayyah's Caliphate ...................................... 250 The efforts of Banu Umayyah's Rivals ............................................. 254 Abu Muslim Khorasani ...................................................................... 259 Massacre of Banu Umayyad by Abbasids ....................................... 273 Chapter - 3 The Caliphate of the Abbasids (First Phase) ......................................... 279 Abul Abbas saffah ..................................................... ............................... 279 Abu Jafar Mansoor ........................................................ .. ......................... 287 The Revolt of Abdullah bin Ali ......................................................... 288 Death of Abu Muslim ......................................................................... 289 The Revolt of Sinbad .......................................................................... 292 The sect of Ravindiyeh ....................................................................... 293 Abdul Jabbar's Revolt and Death ..................................................... 294 Uyainah bin Musa bin Kab ................................................................ 295 The arrest and captivity of the Alawiites ................................ .. ....... 295 Building of Baghdad and Compilation of Knowledge .................. 298 The killing of the Sadat ...................................................................... 299 The Revolt of Mohammad Mahdi NafseZakiah (the pure soul) ....... 301

Table of Contents The Rebellion of Ibrahim bin Abdullah ........................................... 313 Miscellaneous Events ......................................................................... 316 Abdullah Ushtar lbn Mohammad Mahdi ....................................... 317 Mahdi bin Mansoor's Succession ...................................................... 318 Ustad Sees's revolt .............................................................................. 319 The Building of Rosafah ..................................................................... 320 The Death of Mansoor ........................................................................ 321 Mahdi bin Mansoor ................... ............................................................... 325 The Rise of Hakeem Muqanna .......................................................... 327 Change, Deposition and Appointment of Administrators ............ 328 The expedition of Barbad ................................................................... 329 Hadi bin Mahdi as Crown Prince .......................................... ........... 329 Mahdi's Hajj ........................................................................... .............. 330 Skirmishes in Undulus (Spain) .......................................................... 331 The Roman Expedition and Haroon's attack .................................. 332 Haroon' s Second Invasion Against the Romans ............................. 333 Hadi's Invasion of Jurjan ................................................................... 334 Mahdi's Death ..................................................................................... 334 Hadi bin Mahdi .......................... ............................................................... 336 The Revolt of Husain bin Ali ............................................................. 337 Hadi's Death ........................................................................................ 338 Abu Jafar Haroon Rasheed bin Mahdi .................................................. 340 Ameen as the Crown Prince .............................................................. 342 The Revolt of Yahya bin Abdullah ................................................... 342 Unrest in Syria ..................................................................................... 343 Rise of Attaf bin Sufyan ..................................................................... 344 Uprising in Egypt. ............................................. .................................. 344 The Mischief of the Khwarij .............................................................. 344 Mamoon as Heir Apparent... .................................................... ......... 346 The Rebellion of Wahab bin Abdullah Nisai and Hamza Khawarji . 346 The Riot in the Province of Armenia ................................................ 348 Ibrahim bin Aghlab and the city of Abbasia ................................... 348 Motamin as Crown Prince ....................................................... .......... 350 A Remarkable Hajj of Haroon Rasheed ........................................... 351 The Barmuk Family and Their Downfall ......................................... 352 The Barmuk Family .................................... ............. ........................... 352 The Advent of Nadir Khan in India ................................................. 359 The Reality Behind the Extermination of the Barmuks .................. 363 The History of Islam Other Events of Haroon' s Regime ................. ............ ....................... 369 Rebellion in Khorasan ........................................................................ 372 The De9th of Haroon Rasheed .......................................................... 373 Ameen Rasheed bin Haroon Rasheed ................................................... 377 Rafe and Harsimah in the Service of Ma moon ....... , ......... , ............. 380 Ameen and Mamoon as open Rivals ................................................ 381 Unrest in the Provinces ...................................................................... 382 The Romans ......................................................................................... 383 The Tug of War between Ameen and Mamoon ............................. 383 Disturbances in Caliph Ameen's Government ............................... 386 Deposition and Appointments of Caliph Ameen ........................... 387 Tahir's Conquests ................................................................................ 388 The Death of Ameen ........................................................................... 390 A Review of Ameen's Caliphate ............................................................. 394 Chapter - 4 The Caliphate of the Abbasids (Second Phase) .................................... 399 Mamoon Rasheed ..................................................................................... 399 The Revolt of Ibn Tabataba and Abu Sara ya .................................. 401 Abu Saraya's Government and its End ............................................ 403 Unrest in Hijaz and Yemen ................................................................ 405 The Death of Harsimah bin Ayun .................................................... 408 Commotion in Baghdad ..................................................................... 410 The Succession of Imam Ali Rada .................................................... 412 Ibrahim bin Mehdi's Caliphate ......................................................... 413 The Death of Fadal bin Saha!... ............................................... ........... 415 The Death of Imam Ali Rada bin Musa Kazim ............................... 417 Tahir bin Husain's Reappearance ..................................................... 418 Appointment of Governors and Important Events ........................ 419 Tahir the Governor of Khorasan ....................................................... 420 Abdullah bin Tahir' s Governorship ................................................. 421 The Death of Tahir bin Husain the Governor of Khorasan ........... 422 The Insurrection in Africa .................................................................. 424 The End of Nasr bin Sheeth' s Rebellion ........................................... 424 The Murder of Ibn A yes ha and the Arrest of Ibrahim ................... 425 Revolt in Egypt and Alexandria ....................................................... 425 Zuraiq and Babak Khurmic ............................................................... 426 Miscellaneous Events ......................................................................... 428

Table of Contents Mamoon's Death ................................................................................. 430 Independence of Provinces and Countries ...................................... 431 Academic Developments ................................................................... 432 Rebuttal of a Charge ........................................................................... 434 Nature and Habits .............................................................................. 436 Motasim Bill ah ........................................................... .. ............................. 440 The Revolt of Mohammad bin Qasim .............................................. 442 The Extermination of the Zutts ......................................................... 442 The City of Samarra ............................................................................ 443 The Removal of Fadal bin Marwan .................................................. 444 Babak Khurmi and Afsheen Haider ................................................. 445 The Capture of Amurya and the Battle of Rome ............................ 447 The Death of Abbas bin Mamoon ......................................... ............ 449 The Revolt of Tabristan ...................................................................... 450 The Revolt in Kurdistan ..................................................................... 452 The Revolt in Armenia and Azerbaijan ........................................... 452 The Death of Afsheen ......................................................................... 453 The Dea th of Motasim ........................................................................ 455 The Characteristics of Motasim' s Caliphate ......................... ................. 456 Wathiq Billah ............................................................................................. 458 Abu Harb and the Natives of Damascus ............... .......................... 460 The Rise and Fall of Ashnas .............................................................. 460 The End of Arab Dignity .................................................. .................. 461 Ahmad bin Nasr's Revolt and Death ..................................... .......... 463 The Exchange Prisoners of War with the Romans .......................... 463 The death of Wathiq Billah ................................................................ 465 Motawakkil Alallah .................................................................................. 465 Mohammad bin Abdul Malik's Deposition and Death ........ ......... 466 ltakh's arrest and death ...................................................................... 466 The Oath for Succession ..................................................................... 467 Revolt in Armenia ............................................................................... 468 Qadi Ahmad bin Abi Dawood' s Deposition and Death ................ 468 The Roman Invasion ........................................................................... 469 Invasion on the Roman Empire .................................. ....................... 469 The Building of the City of Jafaria .................................................... 470 The Murder of Motawakkil ............................................................... 471 Motawakkil' s Habits and Nature and a Few Important Incidents .... 472 The History of Islam Mustansir Billah ........................ ................ ................................................ 474 Mustayeen Billah ...................................................................................... 474 Motaz Billah .............................................................................................. 479 Death of Mohammad bin Abdullah bin Tahir ................................ 480 Ahmad bin Tuloon .. ............................................................................ 481 Yaqub bin Laith Saffar .................................................. ...................... 481 Motaz Billah: Deposition and Death ................................................ 482 Mohtadi Billah .......... ................................................................................ 483 Motamid Alallah ....................................................................................... 486 The Revolt of the Alawiites ............................................................... 486 Yaqub bin Laith's Governorship ....................................................... 488 The Rebellion in Mousil .............................................................. ....... 489 lbn Mufleh, lbn Wasil, lbn Lai th Saffar .......................................... 489 The Birth of the Government of the Samaniites .............................. 490 The Oath for the Heir Apparent ....................................................... 491 The Battle of Saffar .............................................................................. 492 The Conquest of Wasit .............................................. ......................... 493 Ahmad bin Tuloon' s occupation of Syria ............. .......................... 493 Yaqub bin Lai th Saffar's Death ........................................................ .493 Extermination of the Rebel Slaves by Mowaffaq and Motazid .... 494 Anarchy in Khorasan .......................................................................... 495 Ahmad bin Tuloon's Death .............................................................. 495 Situation in Tabristan: Alawi, Rafe and Saffar ................................ 496 Amr bin Lai th Saffar ......................................................... .............. .. 497 Conditions in Makkah and Madinah ............................................... 497 Mowaff aq' s Dea th ............................................................................... 498 Qaramata .............................................................................................. 499 Succession of Motazid ........................................................................ 500 The Roman War .................................................................................. 500 Motamid' s Death ................................................................................. 501 Comment ................................................................................................... 502 Chapter - 5 The Caliphate of the Abbasids (Third Phase) ............... ........................ 505 Motazid Billah .......................................................................................... 505 Qaramata' s Revolt.. ............................................................................. 507 Death of Motazid Billah ..................................................................... 508 Muktafi Billah ........................................................................................... 508 Qarama ta' s Attack on Syria ............................................................... 509

Table of Contents The End of Bani Tuloon in Egypt... ................................................... 510 Bani Hamdan ....................................................................................... 511 Invasions by the Turks and the Romans .......................................... 511 The Death of Muktafi Billah .............................................................. 512 Muqtadir Billah ......................................................................................... 512 The Origin of the Obadiah (Fa timid) Dynasty ................................ 513 The Oath for the Heir to the Throne ................................................. 518 Qaramata' s Upheaval in Iraq ............................................................ 519 Roman Tyranny ................................................................................... 521 Deposition and Restoration of Muqtadir ......................................... 521 Qaramata's Atrocities in Makkah ..................................................... 521 Murder of Muqtadir Billah ................................................................ 522 Qahir Bill ah ............................................................................................... 523 The Origin of the Buwayhid Dynasty .............................................. 524 Over Throw of Qahir .......................................................................... 529 Radi Billah ................................................................................................. 530 Murder of Mardawih ......................................................................... 531 Condition of the Provinces ................................................................ 531 Death of Radi Billah ............................................................................ 532 Muttaqi lillah ............................................................................................. 533 Deposition of Caliph Muttaqi ............................................................ 534 Mustakfi Billah .......................................................................................... 535 A Note .................................................................................................... 535 The Buhaywid (Buyid) Dynasty in Baghdad .................................. 537 Muti lillah .................................................................................................. 538 Capture of Oman and Death of Muizzuddaulah ........................... 540 Izzuddaulah's Rule ............................................................................. 541 T aai lillahh ................................................................................................. 543 Azduddaulah's Government ............................................................. 544 Samsamuddaulah' s Government ..................................................... 545 Sharfuddaulah's Government ........................................................... 545 Bahauddaulah' s Government ........................................................... 545 Qadir Billah ............................................................................................... 546 The Government of Sultanuddaulah ................................................ 548 The Revolt of The Turks ..................................................................... 548 The Government of Sharafuddaulah ................................................ 549 The Government of Jalaluddaulah ................................................... 549 The History of Islam Qayem Bi-Amrillah .................................................................................. 550 Abu Kalijar's Government ................................................................. 551 Malikur Rahim' s Government .......................................................... 552 Summary of the Buwayhid Dynasty ............... ... ................. , ............... 554 Beginning of the Seljuq Dynasty................ . .............................. 555 Muqtadi Bi-Amrillah ................................................................................ 559 Mustazhar Billah ....................................................................................... 561 Mustarshid Billah ..................................................................................... 563 Rashid Billah ............................................................................................. 568 Muqtafi Li-Amrillah ................................................................................. 569 Dailmia and Seljuqia . .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... . .. .. . . . . ................................. 573 Mustanjid Billah ........................................................................................ 574 Mustazi Bi-Amrillah ................................................................................. 575 Nasir Li-Dinillah ....................................................................................... 576 Zahir Bi-Amriliah ..................................................................................... 580 Abu }afar Mustansir Billah ...................................................................... 581 Mustasim Billah ........................................................................................ 582 The Abbasid Caliphs in Egypt ................................................................ 587 Chapter6 A General Study of Umawi and Abbasi Caliphates ............................ 593 Part One ................................................................................................ 593 Important positions and offices of the Government ...................... 593 The Prime Minister ........................................................................ 595 Arnirul Omara (Chief Executive) ................................................ 596 The Sultan (King) ......................................................................... 596 Amil or Wali (Governor) .............................................................. 597 Sahe bu Shurta (Police General) ................................................... 597 Ha jib (Chief Body Guard) ............................................................ 597 Qadiul Qudat (Chief Justice) ...................................................... 598 Raisul Askar (Army Chief) .......................................................... 598 Mohtasib (Inspector) ..................................................................... 599 Nazir or Mushrif (Vigilant) .......................................................... 599 Sahe bu Bareed (Postmaster General) ......................................... 599 Katib (Secretary) ............................................................................ 600 Amirul Minjaniq (Military Engineer) ......................................... 600 Amirut Tarnir or Raisul Banna (Chief Architect) ...................... 600 Arnirul Bahr (Naval Commander) .............................................. 600

Table of Contents Tabib (Doctor) ................................................................................ 600 Other Important Departments and Offices ..................................... 601 Diwanul Aziz ................................................................................. 602 Diwanul Khiraj .............................................................................. 602 Diwanul Jizya or Diwan Dhamam .............................................. 602 Diwanul Askar ............................................................................... 602 Diwan Shur ta ................................................................................. 603 Diwan Dhaya ................................................................................. 603 Diwan Bareed ................................................................................ 603 Diwanun Nafaqat .......................................................................... 603 Diwanut Tauqi ............................................................................... 603 Diwanun Nazr Fil-Mazalim ......................................................... 604 Qiwanul Anhar .............................................................................. 604 Diwanur Rasayel ........................................................................... 604 Darul Adi ........................................................................................ 604 Darul Qada ..................................................................................... 605 General Conditions of the Government ................................................ 605 Traveling Facilities .............................................................................. 606 Trading Facilities ................................................................................. 606 Government Tax Collectors ............................................................... 607 Government Expenditures ................................................................. 608 Military Preparedness ........................................................................ 609 Educational Developments ...................................................... : ......... 610 Part Two .................................................................................................... 612 Spain .................................................................................................... 613 The Sultanate of Idrisid in Morocco ................................................. 614 The Sultanate of Aghlabia in North Africa ...................................... 614 The Sultanate of Ziyad in Yemen ...................................................... 615 The Sultanate of Tahir Husain in Khorasan .................................... 615 The Saffar Dynasty in Khorasan and Iran ....................................... 615 The Samania Dynasty in Mawaraunnahr and Khorasan .............. 616 The Sultanate of Qaramata in Bahrain ............................................. 616 The Sultanate of Alawis in Tabristan ............................................... 617 The Province of Sindh ........................................................................ 617 The Buyid or Buwayhid Dynasty ..................................................... 617 The Sultanate of Tuloon in Egypt ..................................................... 618 The Sultanate of Akhshidiah in Egypt and Syria ........................... 618 The History of Islam The Sultanate of Obeidi (Fatimids) in Egypt, North Africa and Syria ............................................................................................. 618 Daulatul Hamdan in Mosul, Jazirah and Syria ............................... 619 The Government of Banu Sulaiman in Makkah ............................. 620 The State of Hashimites in Makkah .................................................. 621 The State of Marwaniya in Dayar Bakr ............................................ 622 The Sultanate of Ghaznaviya in Afghanistan ................................. 622 Seljuk Dynasty ..................................................................................... 622 The Atabaks of Syria and Iran ..................................................... 624 The Atabaks of Arbela (Irbil) ....................................................... 625 The Atabaks of Deyar Bakr .......................................................... 625 The Atabaks of Armenia .............................................................. 625 The Atabaks of Azerbaijan ........................................................... 625 TheAtabaks of Iran ....................................................................... 625 The Atabaks of Laris tan (near the Arabian Gulf in Iran) ......... 626 The Atabaks of the Khwarizm Sha hi a ........................................ 626 The State of Ayyubiah ........................................................................ 626 The Mamluks of Egypt ....................................................................... 627 The Kingdom of the Zeriah of Tunis ................................................ 627 The Samadias of Algeria ...................................................... ............. 627 The Kingdom of the Murabitun ........................................................ 628 The Kingdom of the Mowahids ....................................................... 629 Hafsid Dynasty in Tunis .................................................................... 629 This Kingdom of Zeyaniah of Algeria .............................................. 630 The Marinid Dynasty of Morocco ..................................................... 630 The Ismaili Assassins .......................................................................... 630 The Crusades against Syria ............................................................... 632 The Mongol Kingdom of Asia ........................................................... 632 The Ottoman Empire of Turkey ........................................................ 633 The Turks of Kashghar ....................................................................... 636 The Kings of India ............................................................................... 636 The Sultanate of Jalairiah of Iraq ...................................................... 637 The Kingdom of Mozaffar ................................................................. 637 The Kara Koylunlu Turkmen of Azerbaijan .................................... 637 The Ak Koylunlu Dynasty ................................................................. 638 The Kingdom of Safwi ........................................................................ 638 A Bird's-eye View ............................................................................... 639