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...ttered across Syria, Arabia, Ethiopia, and the edges of the Byzantine world — are an important part of the Quranic picture of the...
...Palestine, fought between a unified Muslim army and a large Byzantine force. Khalid ibn al-Walid had made his legendary march fro...
The siege of Damascus lasted several months as Muslim forces under Khalid ibn al-Walid and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah encircled the ancient city. Various Muslim c
...fate of the entire Levant. Emperor Heraclius sent a massive Byzantine army of 100,000–150,000 soldiers to drive the Muslims back....
The surrender of Jerusalem was one of the most momentous events in Islamic history. Patriarch Sophronius agreed to surrender the city but insisted the keys be h
... received reinforcements including Zubayr ibn al-Awwam. The Byzantine garrison of Egypt, led by the Patriarch Cyrus and the gener...
...or months behind its formidable sea walls, supported by the Byzantine navy. Eventually a negotiated surrender was reached: the By...
...om Syrian ports crossed to Cyprus, which had been used as a Byzantine naval base. The island submitted to Muslim authority after ...
...edieval Mediterranean. Emperor Constans II personally led a Byzantine fleet of reportedly 500–1,000 ships against a Muslim fleet ...
...ed deep into Central Asia in the east and continued probing Byzantine frontiers in the west and north. Muawiyah's court in Damasc...
... was Raja ibn Haywah al-Kindi, and the construction drew on Byzantine craftsmen and incorporated Byzantine and Sassanid artistic ...
...n early Islamic governance. Most significantly, he replaced Byzantine and Sassanid coinage that had circulated in the former impe...
... under Umayyad generals. The fall of Carthage — the ancient Byzantine administrative capital of the Proconsular Africa province, ...
... the largest and most sustained military effort to take the Byzantine capital, launched by Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik and c...
...hocked the Frankish kingdoms to the north and the remaining Byzantine Empire and would reverberate through European political cal...
...d to discourage it. His correspondence with the Kharijites, Byzantine Emperor Leo III, and the rulers of neighboring kingdoms sur...
...ted the Islamic world to East Africa, India, China, and the Byzantine Mediterranean. The Abbasid era saw Muslim sailors among the...
...of Mu'tah was the first major Muslim engagement against the Byzantine Empire, fought in what is today southern Jordan. The Prophe...
...who marched to the northern frontier to confront a reported Byzantine build-up. The march took place in extreme heat during harve...
...t decisive military engagements in medieval history, ending Byzantine control of the Levant. The Byzantine Emperor Heraclius asse...
... civilians harmed. The city's Jewish community, expelled by Byzantine rule, was permitted to return. The conquest established a m...
...m takeover of Egypt, one of the wealthiest provinces of the Byzantine Empire and the breadbasket of the ancient world. Amr ibn al...
... could fire stone balls weighing hundreds of kilograms. The Byzantine garrison of approximately 7,000, including Genoese and Vene...
...adayn was the first major Muslim engagement against a large Byzantine army in Palestine and opened the way for the subsequent con...
...dest continuously inhabited cities in the world and a major Byzantine administrative centre, marked a turning point in the Muslim...
...Battle of Heliopolis was the decisive engagement that broke Byzantine power in Egypt and opened the way to Alexandria and full Mu...
...cal map of Anatolia. The Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan faced the Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes, who had personally led an army...
...mpaign. After the Muslim victory at Ajnadayn, the remaining Byzantine forces regrouped at Marj al-Saffar (the Meadow of the Saffl...
...t in the Jordan Valley in 13 AH after the fall of Damascus. Byzantine forces flooded the plain to hinder the Muslim cavalry, but ...
... naval victory in the Mediterranean, effectively destroying Byzantine naval supremacy. The Muslim fleet, commanded by Abd Allah i...
...nquered the Sassanid Empire, took the Levant and Egypt from Byzantines, established the Islamic calendar, created the diwan syste...
...r ibn al-As led the Muslim conquest of Egypt, defeating the Byzantine garrison. He founded Fustat (Old Cairo) and built the first...
The Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan defeated the Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes at the Battle of Manzikert. Thi...