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...ow the Quran, the Sunnah of the Prophet ﷺ, and the understanding of the Companions. Identified by the Prophet ﷺ as the save...
... of accepting the apparent meaning of Quran and Sunnah regarding divine attributes without ta'wil (metaphorical interpretat...
...944 CE) in Samarkand. Similar to the Ash'ari school in defending Ahl us-Sunnah creed through rational argument, with some d...
...isprudence founded by Imam Malik ibn Anas (711–795 CE) in Medina. Distinctive for its use of the practice of the people of ...
...deviant sect that denied Allah's predestination (qadar), holding that human beings create their own actions independently o...
...n 684 CE. Unlike the Khawarij, the Ibadis do not consider ordinary Muslim sinners to be kafir — they consider them 'ungrate...
... the Quran alone is sufficient. Known by various names including Ahl al-Quran, Quraniyoon, and Submitters. Despite modern f...
...Ahl us-Sunnah scholarship distinguishes carefully between ordinary Shia laymen (potentially within the fold) and groups wit...
... Companions after the Prophet's death. Distinguished from ordinary Shia by three defining positions: cursing the Sahabah, c...
...al-Kadhim. Developed highly esoteric (batini) doctrines, holding that all Quranic texts have a hidden inner meaning (batin)...
... the 9th–10th centuries CE. Each order is centered on a founding saint (Shaykh) whose spiritual chain (silsilah) is traced ...
A major Sufi order founded by Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari (1318–1389 CE) in Central Asia. One of th...
A Sufi order founded in Ajmer, India by Moinuddin Chishti (d. 1236 CE). One of the most popular orders in Sou...
...nya (present-day Turkey) based on the teachings of Jalal al-Din Rumi (1207–1273 CE). Famous for the Sema ceremony — a ritua...
...h, but has strong Deobandi positions on various issues including the prohibition of mawlid celebrations and specific practi...
... ikram al-Muslim, ikhlas al-niyyah, and dawah — largely avoiding political and controversial topics.
...st political party founded in Jerusalem in 1953 CE by Taqiuddin al-Nabhani (1909–1977 CE). Aims to re-establish the Islamic...
...lized jihad methodology. Applied through organizations including al-Qaeda (founded 1988 CE) and later ISIS/Daesh (founded 2...
...r reinterpret Islam in light of modern liberal values, including gender equality in all aspects including prayer leadership...
...ony, performed with music (saz) and communal gathering including men and women together.