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...at preceded, and continues to outlast, every other communal institution.
The adhan — the Islamic call to prayer — was instituted in Medina in the first year after the Hijra through a mechanism that combined community deliberation, di
... as not merely a personal religious obligation but a public institutional one, enforceable by the state. In the caliphate of Umar i...
...died a Muslim. The salat al-gha'ib established a permanent institution in Islamic jurisprudence: the absent funeral prayer for Mus...