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Prophet · Pre-Islamic Prophets Prophet Adam (peace be upon him)

...om the mercy of Allah. Allah says in the Quran (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:30): "And when your Lord said to the angels: 'I am goi...

Prophet · Pre-Islamic Prophets Prophet Hud (peace be upon him)

... prosperous Arab civilization that lived in the region of Ahqaf in southern Arabia (present-day Yemen). The 'Ad were known...

Prophet · Pre-Islamic Prophets Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham, peace be upon him)

...Mecca, praying: "Our Lord, accept this from us" (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:127). The Ka'bah remains the qiblah — the direction of...

Prophet · Pre-Islamic Prophets Prophet Ismail (Ishmael, peace be upon him)

...m us. Indeed, You are the Hearing, the Knowing" (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:127). Ismail was himself a prophet who continued to ca...

Prophet · Pre-Islamic Prophets Prophet Shuaib (peace be upon him)

...ading community in the Hejaz-Sinai region near the Gulf of Aqaba) and the companions of the Aiykah (the People of the Thic...

Prophet · Pre-Islamic Prophets Prophet Dawud (David, peace be upon him)

...k Jalut and killed him. Allah says in the Quran (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:251): "So Dawud killed Jalut, and Allah gave him the k...

History · Between Isa and Muhammad ﷺ Pauline Christianity: The First Great Divergence

...ave written and woe to them for what they earn" (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:79). While this verse was revealed in the context of e...

History · Between Isa and Muhammad ﷺ Waraqah ibn Nawfal: The Christian Scholar Who Awaited the Prophet ﷺ

... figures of the period between Isa AS and Muhammad ﷺ is Waraqah ibn Nawfal — a Makkan scholar and cousin of Khadijah bint ...

History · Between Isa and Muhammad ﷺ The Last True Bishop: The Dying Scholar's Prophecy of the Final Prophet

...ified. He said: this prophet will not eat from charity (sadaqah) but will accept gifts (hadiyah). Between his shoulder bla...

History · Between Isa and Muhammad ﷺ Salman al-Farisi: Testing the Three Signs of Prophethood

...o the man he had heard about. He presented the dates as sadaqah — charity. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ distributed the dates to...

History · Rashidun Caliphate Battle of the Bridge (al-Jisr)

...e Muslim defeat during the Iraqi campaigns. Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi commanded a Muslim force that crossed a pontoon bridge ov...

History · Rashidun Caliphate Battle of al-Qadisiyyah

The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah was the decisive engagement that broke Sasanid Pers...

History · Rashidun Caliphate Fall of Ctesiphon (al-Mada'in)

After Qadisiyyah, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas advanced on Ctesiphon, the Sas...

History · Rashidun Caliphate Battle of Jalula

The Battle of Jalula took place shortly after Qadisiyyah, as Sasanid forces regrouped in the foothills east ...

History · Rashidun Caliphate Founding of Kufa

Umar ordered Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas to establish Kufa as a garrison city and administrative ce...

History · Rashidun Caliphate Battle of Nihawand (Nehavand)

... last great Sasanid army in western Persia. Al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin commanded the Muslim force; he was martyred in battle b...

History · Umayyad Dynasty Battle of Marj Rahit — Umayyads Consolidate Power

...liphate after only a few weeks, leaving a power vacuum. The Qaysi Arab tribes rallied behind Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri and ...

History · Umayyad Dynasty Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf Appointed Governor of Iraq

Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi is among the most polarizing figures of early Islamic his...

History · Umayyad Dynasty Conquest of North Africa — Fall of Carthage

...ed port of Tunis. The Umayyad garrison town of Kairouan (al-Qayrawan), established earlier by Uqba ibn Nafi', became the r...

History · Umayyad Dynasty Muhammad ibn al-Qasim Conquers Sindh

...-day Pakistan) by the young Umayyad general Muhammad ibn al-Qasim al-Thaqafi in 93 AH opened the Indian subcontinent to Is...

History · Umayyad Dynasty Umar II's Reforms and the Revival of Justice

...oach for any Umayyad ruler. Classical hadith scholars and fuqaha regarded him with exceptional esteem. Ibn al-Jawzi, Ibn K...

History · Umayyad Dynasty Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik's Long Reign

...nsions of the Umayyad state sharpened during his reign: the Qays-Yaman tribal rivalry intensified, the Berber revolt in No...

History · Abbasid Dynasty Seljuk Toghril Enters Baghdad — Restoration of Sunni Rule

...dominance over the Abbasid caliphate. The Abbasid caliph al-Qa'im granted Toghril the title 'Sultan' and 'King of East and...

History · Abbasid Dynasty Ibn Sina and the Canon of Medicine

... foremost physician and polymath of the Abbasid era. His al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (Canon of Medicine) remained the standard med...

History · Abbasid Dynasty Al-Khwarizmi and the Birth of Algebra

... 200 AH, wrote al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala — the foundational text of algebra. The word 'algebra' ...

History · Abbasid Dynasty Abbasid Naval Power in the Mediterranean

...al knowledge recorded by scholars like al-Masudi and Ibn Hawqal.

Battle · Rashidun Caliphate Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah

The Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah was among the most consequential engagements in wor...

Battle · Rashidun Caliphate Battle of Nahavand

... The Muslim army of approximately 30,000 under Nu'man ibn Muqarrin was initially engaged at a disadvantage by the Persian ...

Battle · Umayyad Dynasty Conquest of Sindh

...quest of Sindh under the young Umayyad general Muhammad ibn Qasim, just seventeen years old at the time, brought the Indus...

Battle · Mamluk Sultanate Siege of Acre (Fall of Acre, 1291)

The Fall of Acre in May 1291 marked the end of the Crusader presence in the Holy Land after nearly two centuries. Acre, the last major Crusader stronghold, was

Battle · Mongol Invasions Battle of Ain Jalut

...t to draw out and then encircle the Mongol force under Kitbuqa. The Mongol commander was captured and executed. The battle...

Battle · Ottoman Empire Battle of Marj Dabiq

...Safavids, turned his attention southward. The Mamluk Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri marched north to confront the Ottomans with a...

Battle · Rashidun Caliphate Battle of Buwayb

... serious Muslim setback: Khalid's successor Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi had been killed, and the Muslim army had suffered heavy l...

Battle · Crusades Era Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

...le of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arabic as Ma'rakat al-'Iqab (Battle of the Pass), was a decisive defeat for the Almoha...

Battle · Rashidun Caliphate Battle of the Bridge

...-Walid to Syria, the Muslims sent Abu Ubayd ibn Masud al-Thaqafi to command in Iraq. The Persians, emboldened by Khalid's ...

Battle · Rashidun Caliphate Battle of Jalula

... in 16 AH / 637 CE, shortly after the decisive Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the fall of Ctesiphon. The retreating Persian f...

Battle · Rashidun Caliphate Conquest of Ctesiphon (al-Mada'in)

...he Sassanid Persian Empire. After the decisive Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas advanced toward the Persian ca...

Battle · Rashidun Caliphate Battle of Bab al-Abwab (Derbent)

...casus mountain passes. Umar ibn al-Khattab commissioned Suraqah ibn Amr to lead a campaign through Azerbaijan and into the...

History · Rashidun Caliphate Caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab

...stem, founded Basra and Kufa, and established the office of Qadi. His just rule earned him the title al-Faruq.

History · Rashidun Caliphate Battle of al-Qadisiyyah

...cisive battle between the Muslim army under Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and the Sassanid Persian army under Rustam Farrokhzad. Des...

History · Abbasid Dynasty Death of Ibn al-Muqaffa

Abdullah ibn al-Muqaffa, who translated Kalila wa Dimna into Arabic, was execute...

History · Abbasid Dynasty Al-Khwarizmi Writes Al-Jabr (Algebra)

...hwarizmi wrote al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabalah, founding the discipline of algebra. Working at the Ho...

History · Abbasid Dynasty Founding of Cairo by the Fatimids

...awhar al-Siqilli conquered Egypt and founded the city of al-Qahirah (Cairo) as the new capital of the Fatimid Caliphate. T...

History · Abbasid Dynasty Ibn Sina Writes the Canon of Medicine

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) completed his monumental al-Qanun fi at-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine), a five-volume medica...

History · Abbasid Dynasty Al-Harawi's Plea for Jerusalem

After the fall of Jerusalem, the qadi Abu Sa'd al-Harawi traveled to Baghdad to plead for help ...

History · Abbasid Dynasty Death of Abdul Qadir al-Jilani

Abdul Qadir al-Jilani, the great Hanbali jurist, preacher, and Sufi ...

History · Abbasid Dynasty Ibn Rushd (Averroes) and Islamic Philosophy

...ies on Aristotle and his defense of philosophy in Fasl al-Maqal profoundly influenced both Islamic and European thought. H...

History · Mamluk Sultanate Imprisonment and Legacy of Ibn Taymiyyah

...oundly influenced later Islamic thought. His student Ibn al-Qayyim preserved and expanded upon his legacy.

History · Mamluk Sultanate Death of Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyyah

Shams ad-Din Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, the most prominent student of Ibn Taymiyy...

History · Mamluk Sultanate Death of Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, the student and companion of Ibn Taymiyya...

History · Mamluk Sultanate Death of Taj al-Din al-Subki

... scholar and Chief Judge of Damascus, died. He authored Tabaqat ash-Shafi'iyyah al-Kubra.

History · Ottoman Empire Death of Imam al-Shatibi

...ibi, the great Maliki jurist of Granada, died. His al-Muwafaqat is the most important work on the objectives and purposes ...

History · Ottoman Empire Death of Ibn Khaldun

...ather of sociology and historiography, died in Cairo. His Muqaddimah introduced the concept of asabiyyah (social cohesion)...

History · Ottoman Empire Death of Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani

Imam Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, known as Amir al-Mu'minin fi al-Hadith (Commander of t...

History · Ottoman Empire Death of Imam as-Suyuti

... His Tafsir al-Jalalayn (co-authored with al-Mahalli), al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Quran, and Jami as-Saghir remain essential refe...

History · Ottoman Empire Death of Imam al-Suyuti the Polymath

...slamic history with over 500 works, died in Cairo. His al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Quran is the most comprehensive work on Quranic...

History · Ottoman Empire Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent

...marked the zenith of Ottoman power and culture. Known as al-Qanuni (the Lawgiver) in the Islamic world, he codified laws, ...

History · Ottoman Empire Founding of Darul Uloom Deoband

Scholars Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi established the Deoba...