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...om the mercy of Allah. Allah says in the Quran (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:30): "And when your Lord said to the angels: 'I am goi...
... prosperous Arab civilization that lived in the region of Ahqaf in southern Arabia (present-day Yemen). The 'Ad were known...
...Mecca, praying: "Our Lord, accept this from us" (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:127). The Ka'bah remains the qiblah — the direction of...
...m us. Indeed, You are the Hearing, the Knowing" (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:127). Ismail was himself a prophet who continued to ca...
...ading community in the Hejaz-Sinai region near the Gulf of Aqaba) and the companions of the Aiykah (the People of the Thic...
...k Jalut and killed him. Allah says in the Quran (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:251): "So Dawud killed Jalut, and Allah gave him the k...
...ave written and woe to them for what they earn" (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:79). While this verse was revealed in the context of e...
... figures of the period between Isa AS and Muhammad ﷺ is Waraqah ibn Nawfal — a Makkan scholar and cousin of Khadijah bint ...
...ified. He said: this prophet will not eat from charity (sadaqah) but will accept gifts (hadiyah). Between his shoulder bla...
...o the man he had heard about. He presented the dates as sadaqah — charity. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ distributed the dates to...
...e Muslim defeat during the Iraqi campaigns. Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi commanded a Muslim force that crossed a pontoon bridge ov...
The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah was the decisive engagement that broke Sasanid Pers...
After Qadisiyyah, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas advanced on Ctesiphon, the Sas...
The Battle of Jalula took place shortly after Qadisiyyah, as Sasanid forces regrouped in the foothills east ...
Umar ordered Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas to establish Kufa as a garrison city and administrative ce...
... last great Sasanid army in western Persia. Al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin commanded the Muslim force; he was martyred in battle b...
...liphate after only a few weeks, leaving a power vacuum. The Qaysi Arab tribes rallied behind Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri and ...
Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi is among the most polarizing figures of early Islamic his...
...ed port of Tunis. The Umayyad garrison town of Kairouan (al-Qayrawan), established earlier by Uqba ibn Nafi', became the r...
...-day Pakistan) by the young Umayyad general Muhammad ibn al-Qasim al-Thaqafi in 93 AH opened the Indian subcontinent to Is...
...oach for any Umayyad ruler. Classical hadith scholars and fuqaha regarded him with exceptional esteem. Ibn al-Jawzi, Ibn K...
...nsions of the Umayyad state sharpened during his reign: the Qays-Yaman tribal rivalry intensified, the Berber revolt in No...
...dominance over the Abbasid caliphate. The Abbasid caliph al-Qa'im granted Toghril the title 'Sultan' and 'King of East and...
... foremost physician and polymath of the Abbasid era. His al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (Canon of Medicine) remained the standard med...
... 200 AH, wrote al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala — the foundational text of algebra. The word 'algebra' ...
...al knowledge recorded by scholars like al-Masudi and Ibn Hawqal.
The Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah was among the most consequential engagements in wor...
... The Muslim army of approximately 30,000 under Nu'man ibn Muqarrin was initially engaged at a disadvantage by the Persian ...
...quest of Sindh under the young Umayyad general Muhammad ibn Qasim, just seventeen years old at the time, brought the Indus...
The Fall of Acre in May 1291 marked the end of the Crusader presence in the Holy Land after nearly two centuries. Acre, the last major Crusader stronghold, was
...t to draw out and then encircle the Mongol force under Kitbuqa. The Mongol commander was captured and executed. The battle...
...Safavids, turned his attention southward. The Mamluk Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri marched north to confront the Ottomans with a...
... serious Muslim setback: Khalid's successor Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi had been killed, and the Muslim army had suffered heavy l...
...le of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arabic as Ma'rakat al-'Iqab (Battle of the Pass), was a decisive defeat for the Almoha...
...-Walid to Syria, the Muslims sent Abu Ubayd ibn Masud al-Thaqafi to command in Iraq. The Persians, emboldened by Khalid's ...
... in 16 AH / 637 CE, shortly after the decisive Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the fall of Ctesiphon. The retreating Persian f...
...he Sassanid Persian Empire. After the decisive Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas advanced toward the Persian ca...
...casus mountain passes. Umar ibn al-Khattab commissioned Suraqah ibn Amr to lead a campaign through Azerbaijan and into the...
...stem, founded Basra and Kufa, and established the office of Qadi. His just rule earned him the title al-Faruq.
...cisive battle between the Muslim army under Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and the Sassanid Persian army under Rustam Farrokhzad. Des...
Abdullah ibn al-Muqaffa, who translated Kalila wa Dimna into Arabic, was execute...
...hwarizmi wrote al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabalah, founding the discipline of algebra. Working at the Ho...
...awhar al-Siqilli conquered Egypt and founded the city of al-Qahirah (Cairo) as the new capital of the Fatimid Caliphate. T...
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) completed his monumental al-Qanun fi at-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine), a five-volume medica...
After the fall of Jerusalem, the qadi Abu Sa'd al-Harawi traveled to Baghdad to plead for help ...
Abdul Qadir al-Jilani, the great Hanbali jurist, preacher, and Sufi ...
...ies on Aristotle and his defense of philosophy in Fasl al-Maqal profoundly influenced both Islamic and European thought. H...
...oundly influenced later Islamic thought. His student Ibn al-Qayyim preserved and expanded upon his legacy.
Shams ad-Din Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, the most prominent student of Ibn Taymiyy...
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, the student and companion of Ibn Taymiyya...
... scholar and Chief Judge of Damascus, died. He authored Tabaqat ash-Shafi'iyyah al-Kubra.
...ibi, the great Maliki jurist of Granada, died. His al-Muwafaqat is the most important work on the objectives and purposes ...
...ather of sociology and historiography, died in Cairo. His Muqaddimah introduced the concept of asabiyyah (social cohesion)...
Imam Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, known as Amir al-Mu'minin fi al-Hadith (Commander of t...
... His Tafsir al-Jalalayn (co-authored with al-Mahalli), al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Quran, and Jami as-Saghir remain essential refe...
...slamic history with over 500 works, died in Cairo. His al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Quran is the most comprehensive work on Quranic...
...marked the zenith of Ottoman power and culture. Known as al-Qanuni (the Lawgiver) in the Islamic world, he codified laws, ...
Scholars Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi established the Deoba...