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...veness, and the certainty that divine planning is always at work even in the most desperate circumstances.
...s corpses fallen prone." The Prophet Musa is noted to have worked for Shuaib for ten years as part of his marriage agreemen...
...Musa fled to Madyan, where he lived for years, married, and worked as a shepherd. On his return journey, he received his pro...
... true Injil, one that those who corrupted the message would work hard to obscure or reinterpret.
...visionary experience as his authority. The theological framework Paul introduced marked the beginning of a systematic depart...
...ognizable to the earliest Hawariyin and that laid the groundwork for the Trinity doctrine. The process of selecting which t...
... had been developing for centuries through the Pauline framework and the influence of Greek philosophical concepts such as t...
...emingly mundane errand. His father sent him to oversee some work on the family's land, and on the way Salman passed by a Chr...
...from Zoroastrianism, attached himself to this first bishop, worked in his service, and dedicated himself to learning the rel...
...is last bishop faithfully as he had served all the others — working in his household, sitting at his feet, absorbing everyth...
...on of Yathrib (Medina). He was brought to Medina and set to work in the date palm orchards — and Salman, for all the bitter ...
...ecades. He had been betrayed, chained, and enslaved. He had worked in the date orchards of Medina watching and waiting. And ...
...r caliphate, and maintained a sophisticated intelligence network. Under his rule, Arab Muslim armies pushed deep into Centra...
...ersian-educated secretaries. The postal and intelligence network (barid) was expanded and regularized. The system of provinc...
...had been organized for years by the Hashimiyya, a secret network operating out of Khurasan that drew its support from the ma...
..., and the empire's treasury was filled by thriving trade networks stretching from China to Spain. Harun patronized poets, sc...
...sian, and Indian texts into Arabic, and to produce original works. The institution embodied the Islamic tradition of seeking...
...stematic translations of Greek philosophical and scientific works into Arabic. He sent delegations to Byzantium to acquire m...
...d the building of madrasas, most famously the Nizamiyyah network. Their arrival marked a dramatic reversal of the caliphate'...
...iritual crisis and subsequent withdrawal. The Nizamiyyah network across many cities institutionalized Sunni learning and for...
...st at the Nizamiyyah madrasa in Baghdad, produced his masterwork Ihya Ulum al-Din (Revival of the Religious Sciences). Compo...
... born after the fall of the Abbasid caliphate, his life and work were shaped entirely by the catastrophe of that fall and th...
..., philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy. His philosophical work, rooted in Islamic Neoplatonism, attracted criticism from o...
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, working at the Bayt al-Hikmah in Baghdad around 200 AH, wrote al...
...esieged Vienna for two months, constructing an elaborate network of trenches and tunnels to undermine the city walls. The ci...
...ted Kalila wa Dimna into Arabic, was executed in Basra. His work established Arabic as a language of sophisticated literary ...
...Islamic legal theory with his Risalah (the first systematic work on usul al-fiqh), died in Egypt. His school synthesized the...
... in Baghdad. Scholars translated Greek, Persian, and Indian works into Arabic, preserving and advancing classical knowledge....
... al-Jabr wal-Muqabalah, founding the discipline of algebra. Working at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, al-Khwarizmi also int...
...Basran polymath, died. His Kitab al-Hayawan is a pioneering work of zoology containing observations that anticipated evoluti...
...ection, Sahih al-Bukhari, after sixteen years of meticulous work. He selected approximately 7,275 hadith from over 600,000 n...
... the Indian subcontinent, and the Ottoman Empire. His major work Kitab al-Tawhid systematized orthodox Sunni theology using ...
...b al-Aghani (Book of Songs), died. His monumental 24-volume work is an encyclopedic collection of poems, biographical inform...
... literature. Muslim scholars translated and preserved Greek works, made original contributions in every field, and establish...
...and pioneered the scientific method of experimentation. His work influenced Roger Bacon and Kepler.
...rned Sanskrit to study primary sources directly, making his work a remarkable early example of cross-cultural scholarship an...
...) school, died in exile in southern Spain. His encyclopedic works include al-Muhalla (comparative fiqh), al-Fisal (comparati...
... Africa through trans-Saharan trade routes and scholarly networks. The empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai embraced Islam, w...
...the Religious Sciences) remains one of the most influential works in Islamic history, synthesizing fiqh, theology, and spiri...
...her of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, died. His Sawanih is a seminal work on divine love in the Sufi tradition.
...scholar and preacher, died in Baghdad. He authored over 300 works spanning tafsir, hadith, fiqh, history, biography, and spi...
...ied in Konya. His Masnavi is considered one of the greatest works of mystical literature ever written.
...slam spread peacefully through trade, marriage, and Sufi networks. Today, Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim populatio...
...ned for his theological positions. Despite persecution, his works on theology, jurisprudence, and reform profoundly influenc...
...st of Granada, died. His al-Muwafaqat is the most important work on the objectives and purposes of Islamic law.
... Shiraz. His an-Nashr fil-Qira'at al-Ashr is the definitive work on the ten canonical readings.
...s into Latin, particularly through Muslim Spain and Sicily. Works of al-Khwarizmi, Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, al-Razi, and others ...
...ars in Islamic history, died in Cairo. He authored over 500 works on hadith, tafsir, fiqh, Arabic language, and history. His...
...the most prolific scholars in Islamic history with over 500 works, died in Cairo. His al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Quran is the most ...
...a separate Muslim homeland in South Asia. His philosophical works, combining Islamic mysticism with modern thought, called f...