Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (died 86 AH / 705 M) adalah fifth Umayyah khalifah dan one dari most significant rulers di history dari Islamic khalifahate. He ruled untuk twenty-one tahun (65–86 AH) dan adalah credited dengan reunifying khalifahate setelah periode dari severe fragmentation, establishing Arabic as official administrative language dari state, introducing exclusively Islamic coinage, dan constructing Dome dari Rock di Yerusalem — one dari oldest surviving Islamic monuments.

Lahir di Madinah, 'Abd al-Malik received excellent pendidikan dan adalah known di masa mudanya as saleh ulama associated dengan circle dari ilmu pengetahuan di Madinah, di mana ia belajar dengan great ahli fiqihs dari time sebelum inheriting political responsibilities dari Umayyah family. He reportedly abandoned ulamaly lifestyle he preferred upon becoming khalifah, famously closing Al-Al-Qur' dan saying 'this adalah our farewell' ketika news dari khalifahate reached him.

His consolidation dari power involved suppressing several major rivals, most terutama 'Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr yang memiliki maintained parallel khalifahate centered di Makkah. He dispatched al-hajiaj ibn Yusuf, his iron-fisted governor, ke subdue Ibn al-Zubayr. Al-hajiaj's siege dari Makkah resulted di Ibn al-Zubayr's death di 73 AH, reuniting khalifahate under Umayyah rule. 'Abd al-Malik's administrative reforms — Arabicization dari bureaucracy, unified coinage struck dengan Al-Al-Qur'anic inscriptions, standardization dari weights dan measures — transformed khalifahate dari Byzantine-Persian administrative hybrid ke dalam distinctly Islamic imperial institution. His reign adalah regarded oleh sejarawans as periode di yang Umayyah khalifahate reached its institutional maturity.