Yazid ibn Muawiyah

Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah (wafat 64 AH / 683 M) adalah second Umayyah khalifah, hukum from 60 to 64 AH. He adalah son of Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, whom he succeeded as khalifah following ayahnya's death in 60 AH — a succession that ayahnya memiliki arranged, making Yazid the first hereditary khalifah in sejarah Islam and setting a precedent that defined the Umayyah dynasty's system of rule.

Yazid's three-year reign adalah marked by three major crises that shaped sejarah Islam profoundly. The first and most momentous adalah tragedy of Karbala in 61 AH, when Husayn ibn 'Ali — grandson of Nabi ﷺ and son of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib — melakukan perjalanan ke Kufah in response to invitations from its inhabitants, who promised to support him in challenging Yazid's otoritas. The Kufahns then abandoned him, and Husayn's small party of family members and companions adalah surrounded by a large Umayyah force at Karbala in modern Irak. Husayn refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid and adalah killed along with most of his male companions, while the women and children of keluarganya adalah taken captive. The massacre of Karbala became the defining tragedy of sejarah Islam, the event around which Syiah identity crystallized, and a moment whose moral weight telah menjadi weighed and contested by Muslim para ulama across all tradisis for fourteen abad-abad.

The second crisis adalah Siege of Madinah (63 AH) and the Battle of al-Harra, in which Umayyah forces suppressed an uprising in the holy city, resulting in significant casualties among the inhabitants of Madinah. The third adalah Siege of Makkah, where 'Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr memiliki established a rival khalifahate; this siege ended with Yazid's death. Sunni para ulamahip holds measured and complex views on Yazid: acknowledging his khalifahate while condemning his actions in the events leading to Karbala, and applying the principle that kaum Muslimin adalah not permitted to curse specific individuals without established proof of their dying outside of Islam.