52 results for “ad”
Clear filter...Also known as the creed of the Salaf. Championed by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and later by Ibn Taymiyyah.
...i (d. 935 CE), himself a former Mu'tazili who returned to traditional positions. Uses rational theology to defend Sunni be...
...b should have been the immediate successor of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and that leadership (imamah) should have remained in the ...
...ed Imams from the Prophet's family, the last of whom (Muhammad al-Mahdi) is believed to be in occultation since 874 CE. Pr...
...nown historically for the Fatimid Caliphate. The Aga Khan leads the largest modern Ismaili community (Nizari).
...who refused to accept the createdness of the Quran. Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal famously resisted.
... early theological sect that denied divine predestination (qadr), arguing that humans have complete free will independent ...
...omoted extreme fatalism (jabr). Strongly refuted by Imam Ahmad and other scholars of the Salaf.
...ir position on faith was considered dangerous as it could lead to moral laxity.
Founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (d. 1908) in British India, who claimed to be a prophet aft...
Founded by Wallace Fard Muhammad in Detroit in 1930. Not an Islamic group despite using Isla...
... Khawarij but distancing itself from their extremism. The Ibadis consider themselves the original Muslims. They reject the...
...ah) and attaining closeness to Allah. Major orders include Qadiriyyah (founded by Abdul Qadir al-Jilani), Naqshbandiyyah, ...
... the first three generations (Salaf) of Muslims. Emphasizes adherence to the Quran and Sunnah, rejection of innovations (b...
...oband seminary in India (founded 1866). Follows the Hanafi madhab in fiqh and Maturidi/Ash'ari creed. Known for its emphas...
A Sunni movement originating from the scholarship of Ahmad Rida Khan of Bareilly, India (d. 1921). Follows the Hanafi ...
A grassroots Islamic movement founded by Muhammad Ilyas al-Kandhlawi in 1926 in India. Focuses on basic Islam...
...eric sect that originated from Shia Islam, founded by Muhammad ibn Nusayr in the 9th century. Their secret doctrines inclu...
...llah), who claimed to be a new messenger of God after Muhammad. Rejects the finality of prophethood. Considered a separate...
A modern movement that rejects the authority of the Hadith and Sunnah, claiming to follow only the Quran. This posi...
A reform movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) in the Arabian Peninsula. It ...
...c preference (istihsan). The Hanafi school is the dominant madhab in Turkey, the Balkans, Central Asia, South Asia, Iraq, ...
...risprudence founded by Imam Malik ibn Anas (711-795 CE) in Madinah. It places special emphasis on the practice of the peop...
A school of Sunni jurisprudence founded by Imam Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i (767-820 CE). Al-Shafi'i is considered...
...ur major Sunni schools of jurisprudence, founded by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855 CE). It is distinguished by its strong ...
...clusively on the apparent (zahir) meaning of the Quran and hadith, rejecting analogical reasoning (qiyas), juristic prefer...
...l of Islamic jurisprudence founded by Imam Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (839-923 CE), the famous historian and ...
The oldest and most widespread Sufi order (tariqa), founded by Abdul Qadir al-Jilani (1077...
...hasizes silent dhikr (remembrance within the heart), strict adherence to the Sunnah, and active engagement with society ra...
... (sama/qawwali). The order played a crucial role in the spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent through peaceful persua...
A major Sufi order founded by Ahmad al-Tijani (1735-1815 CE) in North Africa. The Tijaniyya bec...
A major Sufi order founded by Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili (1196-1258 CE) in North Africa. The Shadhiliyya emphasi...
...hat represents the soul's journey toward God. The Mevlevi tradition emphasizes divine love, poetry, music, and the arts as...
A contemporary movement within Islam that emphasizes ijtihad (independent reasoning), social justice, gender equality, h...
...ate. It rejects both Western democracy and violent methods, advocating instead for societal transformation through ideolog...
...nt originating in 19th century British India, founded by Ahmad Raza Khan of Bareilly. It emphasizes love for the Prophet M...
...oom Deoband seminary in India in 1866. It emphasizes strict adherence to the Hanafi school, hadith-based scholarship, and ...
A Sunni Islamic movement in South Asia that rejects strict adherence to any single madhab, advocating direct reliance on ...
An Islamic missionary and revival movement founded by Muhammad Ilyas al-Kandhlawi in 1926 in India. One of the largest tra...
...rganization founded in Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna. It advocates the implementation of Islamic principles in public l...
... party and movement founded by Abul Ala Maududi in 1941. It advocates for Islamic state governance by Shariah law.
A Sufi order founded by Ahmad ar-Rifa'i (1118-1182 CE) in southern Iraq. One of the oldes...
A Sufi order founded by Ahmad al-Badawi (1199-1276 CE), centered in Tanta, Egypt. One of ...
...hings of Said Nursi (1877-1960) of Turkey. His Risale-i Nur addresses modern challenges to faith through rational and Qura...
...d beliefs not found in mainstream Islam. After Elijah Muhammad's death, most members transitioned to orthodox Sunni Islam.
A heterodox Islamic tradition found primarily in Turkey and among Kurdish communitie...
A group of Muslims who reject the authority of hadith as a source of Islamic law, relying solely on the Quran....
A contemporary movement advocating revival of traditional Islamic scholarship, includi...
A militant ideology combining Salafi theology with armed struggle. It is condemned by the vast majority of Muslim scholars and organizations and represents a ti
... all political activism. Named after Saudi scholar Rabi al-Madkhali.
A North African Sufi order branch of the Shadhiliyyah, founded by Mulay al-Arabi al-Darqawi (1760-1823). ...
A North African Sufi order founded by Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi (1787-1859). It combined Sufi spiritualit...