181 results for “ali”
Clear filter...t know.'" This verse establishes Adam's role as the first khalifah — a vicegerent entrusted with inhabiting and tending the...
...alling to truth, the certainty of divine justice, and the reality that nearness of blood does not guarantee salvation — onl...
... Islamic tradition as one of the Arab prophets — alongside Salih, Shuaib, and Muhammad ﷺ — who brought the message of tawhi...
Salih (peace be upon him) was sent by Allah to the people of Tha...
...all the prophets and messengers. He is known by the title Khalil Allah — the intimate friend of Allah — a distinction menti...
...ect speech with Allah — an honor that earned him the title Kalim Allah, the one to whom Allah spoke. He led the Israelites ...
...un was known for his eloquence and gentleness of speech — qualities that complemented Musa's more direct approach. Together...
...s, based on hadith literature, suggest that he may still be alive — like Isa (who was raised to the heavens) and Khidr — fu...
...ay he was born and the day he dies and the day he is raised alive." This verse describes Yahya as being given wisdom (hukm...
...An-Nisa 4:157). Rather, Allah raised Isa to Himself — he is alive in the heavens and will return before the Day of Judgment...
... six years old. He was raised by his grandfather Abd al-Muttalib and then by his uncle Abu Talib. In a society marked by id...
...buried the essence of monotheism under layers of ritual formalism, nationalist exclusivity, and love of worldly status. Isa...
...emained binding. These communities were progressively marginalized and eventually suppressed by the growing institutional c...
...es in which they were composed. The gap between these two realities is one of the central concerns of the Quran. The Quran...
...een the followers of Arius, a Alexandrian priest, and those aligned with Athanasius of Alexandria. The Arian position held ...
... a profound theological purpose: it testifies to the universality and persistence of fitrah — the innate human nature that ...
...story in the scriptures. Third, he expressed his wish to be alive and strong enough to support the new prophet in the trial...
...mulated significant theological distortions including the dualistic worship of fire as a manifestation of the supreme deity...
...he chain had come to an end. There were no more men of his caliber keeping the original fire of Isa's message alive. As the...
...factured them, and their precise fulfillment in Muhammad ﷺ validated both his prophethood and the integrity of the knowledg...
...ved decisive in defending Medina against the Qurayshi-led coalition of ten thousand. The Muhajirun claimed Salman as theirs...
... himself a prophet after the death of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Khalid ibn al-Walid led the Muslim force north from Medina and ro...
...imed prophethood among the Banu Hanifa in central Arabia. Khalid ibn al-Walid commanded a Muslim force against an army of a...
...llais was fought on the banks of the Euphrates as part of Khalid ibn al-Walid's Iraqi campaign. A combined Persian and Arab...
...alaja was a significant engagement in southern Iraq where Khalid ibn al-Walid executed one of his famous double-envelopment...
...etween a unified Muslim army and a large Byzantine force. Khalid ibn al-Walid had made his legendary march from Iraq to Syr...
... of Damascus lasted several months as Muslim forces under Khalid ibn al-Walid and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah encircled the an...
...around 25,000–40,000 under Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, with Khalid ibn al-Walid commanding the mobile reserve. After six days...
...ender the city but insisted the keys be handed only to the Caliph himself. Umar ibn al-Khattab made the journey personally ...
...he Muslim world — a centre of Islamic learning, the seat of Ali ibn Abi Talib's caliphate, and later a home to major jurist...
... shura council of six senior companions to choose the next caliph. Umar's decade of rule had transformed the Muslim world: ...
...nd who would avenge him — drove the subsequent wars between Ali, Aisha, and Muawiyah.
...orce demanding justice for the blood of Uthman and opposing Ali's caliphate. Ali had marched from Medina to Kufa and then t...
The Battle of Siffin was fought between Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan on the banks of t...
The Battle of Nahrawan was Ali ibn Abi Talib's decisive campaign against the Khawarij — a ...
Ali ibn Abi Talib was struck with a poison-coated sword by Abd ...
After Ali's assassination, his son Hasan ibn Ali was given the pledge...
...history. This decision was deeply controversial. Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Prophet and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, refu...
Following the assassination of Ali ibn Abi Talib in 40 AH, his son Hasan ibn Ali briefly assum...
...sequential and tragic events in Islamic history. Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad and son of Ali ibn Abi Ta...
...ternal crisis. Yazid's young son Muawiyah II renounced the caliphate after only a few weeks, leaving a power vacuum. The Qa...
...in Jerusalem was completed in 72 AH under the patronage of Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, making it one of the oldest exta...
Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 65–86 AH) undertook a sweepin...
...figures of early Islamic history — celebrated by Umayyad loyalists as a firm administrator who pacified fractious provinces...
...military effort to take the Byzantine capital, launched by Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik and commanded by his brother Ma...
...ne through usurpation and was facing challenges from rivals aligned with the sons of the previous king Wittiza — assembled ...
...opulation. Ibn al-Qasim was later recalled and executed by Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik as part of a purge of al-Hajjaj...
The accession of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz to the caliphate in 99 AH represented a striking departure from Umayyad...
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's short caliphate of two and a half years (99–101 AH) was distinguished ...
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik's twenty-year reign (105–125 AH) was the longest of any Um...
...history, toppling the Umayyad dynasty and transferring the caliphate to the Abbasid family, descendants of the Prophet's un...
..., was the final military confrontation between the Umayyad Caliphate and the Abbasid revolutionary forces. The last Umayyad...
...other's lineage and eventually made contact with Umayyad loyalists in al-Andalus. Landing near Almunecar on the Andalusian ...
The easternmost provinces of the Umayyad Caliphate — collectively known as Khurasan, encompassing the reg...
In 132 AH, the Abbasid revolution overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate, as Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah was proclaimed the first Ab...
In 145 AH, the Abbasid caliph Abu Ja'far al-Mansur founded Madinat al-Salam — the City ...
...d as the zenith of Abbasid power and prosperity. Under his caliphate, Baghdad flourished as the world's greatest city, and ...
...stitution of the medieval world, reaching its height under Caliph al-Mamun in the early 9th century CE. Translators, mathem...
Caliph al-Mamun (198–218 AH) presided over the most intense phas...
...the gravest deviations in Abbasid history, initiated under Caliph al-Mamun around 218 AH and continuing under al-Mu'tasim a...
Caliph al-Mutawakkil (232–247 AH) ended the Mihna and restored A...
...d century AH, these commanders had effectively reduced the caliphs to figureheads, deposing and installing caliphs at will....
...region — entered Baghdad and seized control of the Abbasid caliphate, leaving the Sunni caliph as a ceremonial figurehead. ...
...ver a century of Shia political dominance over the Abbasid caliphate. The Abbasid caliph al-Qa'im granted Toghril the title...
...theology. Its most famous teacher was the great Imam al-Ghazali, who taught there before his spiritual crisis and subsequen...
Imam Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (450–505 AH), after a profound spiritual crisis that led hi...
...nd refuting theological innovations, defined the Athari-Hanbali tradition for centuries to come. Though born after the fall...
...ing hundreds of thousands of its inhabitants and executing Caliph al-Musta'sim. The Tigris River ran black with the ink of ...
... of the Abbasid family to Cairo, where he was installed as caliph in 659 AH. This Cairo-based Abbasid caliphate was largely...
...hristian theology. In the Islamic world, however, his rationalist approach — which at times appeared to subordinate reveale...
...attracted criticism from orthodox scholars including al-Ghazali, who declared some of his philosophical positions contrary ...
During the reign of Harun al-Rashid, the Abbasid Caliphate maintained significant naval power in the Mediterranea...
...utions. After Salah al-Din (Saladin) overthrew the Fatimid caliphate in 567 AH, he transformed al-Azhar into a Sunni instit...
...uit of spoils, violating the Prophet's ﷺ explicit orders. Khalid ibn al-Walid, then fighting for the Quraysh, exploited the...
... called al-Ahzab (the Confederates), saw an unprecedented coalition of Quraysh, Ghatafan, and various Arab and Jewish tribe...
...ebrated episode was when the Prophet ﷺ gave the standard to Ali ibn Abi Talib, saying he would give it to a man whom Allah ...
...ession by the Prophet ﷺ — Zayd ibn Haritha, Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, and Abdullah ibn Rawaha — all fell as martyrs in battle. ...
...rdship. The famous 'three who were left behind' — Ka'b ibn Malik, Murarah ibn Rabi'ah, and Hilal ibn Umayyah — who stayed b...
...claimed prophethood and gathered a substantial following. Khalid ibn al-Walid, dispatched by Abu Bakr, confronted Tulayha a...
...om the powerful Banu Hanifa tribe. The Muslim force under Khalid ibn al-Walid initially struggled against the determined re...
...slim conquest of Iraq against the Sasanid Persian Empire. Khalid ibn al-Walid's force of approximately 18,000 faced a combi...
...e to their elephants. On the third day, Muslim cavalry neutralised the elephants by targeting their trunks, causing them to...
...proximately 25,000 to 40,000 and was commanded overall by Khalid ibn al-Walid, who had been redeployed from Iraq at great s...
...nius insisted that he would only surrender the keys to the Caliph himself, so Umar ibn al-Khattab travelled from Medina to ...
...hdrew by sea. Amr entered the city peacefully and wrote to Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab describing its vastness: 'I have take...
...trife) following the assassination of Uthman ibn Affan. A coalition led by Aisha (the Mother of the Believers), Talha ibn U...
...ement of the First Fitna, fought between the forces of the Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib and the Syrian governor Muawiyah ibn Ab...
...ne of the most tragic events in Islamic history. Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Prophet ﷺ and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib...
The Battle of Talas was a rare direct military clash between the expanding Islamic world and the Tang Chinese Empire at the far reaches of Central Asia. The bat
...gement that ended Umayyad rule and established the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasid revolution had originated in Khurasan, ex...
...sh community who had taken refuge in a synagogue were burnt alive. The Muslim population who had not been allowed to surren...
...lood was a decisive Muslim victory over the Crusader Principality of Antioch. Roger of Salerno, regent of Antioch, chose to...
...at the Horns of Hattin, a twin-peaked hill near the Sea of Galilee. Denied access to water, harassed by fire and arrows, th...
... fortresses of the Levant. The garrison of Jerusalem under Balian of Ibelin initially threatened to destroy the city and ki...
...arable in scale to Hattin. The Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, al-Salih Ayyub, had allied with displaced Khwarazmian Turks who had...
... Venetian and Genoese troops. The Mamluk Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil assembled a massive siege train, reportedly including over...
... events in Islamic history, bringing to an end the Abbasid Caliphate which had been the symbolic centre of Sunni Islam for ...
...urks, Serbian and Bulgarian vassals — against a Christian coalition under the Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović. The battl...
...de following Ottoman advances in the Balkans, and a large coalition assembled under the Hungarian King Sigismund. The crusa...
...r during the battle — many were troops from the very principalities Bayezid had absorbed and whose former rulers now fought...
... of the most momentous events of the 15th century and the realisation of a promise attributed to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Th...
... guardians of the Two Holy Mosques and the prestige of the caliphate.
...ing the loss of Hungary. The Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) formalised Ottoman territorial losses and established the precedent...
...ridge (Jisr) in 634 CE had been a serious Muslim setback: Khalid's successor Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi had been killed, and the ...
...ubsequent conquest of the Levant. It took place during the caliphate of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, who died just before news of th...
...orthward. Damascus was besieged from multiple sides, with Khalid ibn al-Walid and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah commanding diffe...
...he country. Amr ibn al-As had entered Egypt in 639 CE with Caliph Umar's reluctant permission, his original force of only a...
...Battle of the Pass), was a decisive defeat for the Almohad Caliphate that permanently shifted the balance of power in the I...
...raiding party sent to extend pressure on the Serbian principalities, were ambushed by Serbian forces under Prince Lazar in ...
...200 galleys against the Ottoman fleet of similar size under Ali Pasha. The battle took place in the Gulf of Patras off west...
...e Muslim conquest of Iraq in 12 AH / 633 CE, commanded by Khalid ibn al-Walid. The battle is named after the Persian practi...
... Battle of Walaja was fought in 12 AH / 633 CE as part of Khalid ibn al-Walid's campaign through southern Iraq. The Persian...
The Battle of Ullais was fought in 12 AH during Khalid ibn al-Walid's Iraq campaign. Facing a large combined Pers...
...ests, fought in 13 AH / 634 CE. Following the transfer of Khalid ibn al-Walid to Syria, the Muslims sent Abu Ubayd ibn Masu...
... (the Meadow of the Safflower). The Muslims, commanded by Khalid ibn al-Walid, engaged and defeated the Byzantines again. T...
...the Caucasus became a long-term adversary of the expanding caliphate, eventually defeating the Muslims in later campaigns. ...
Umar's decade as caliph saw the greatest territorial expansion in Islamic history...
Patriarch Sophronius surrendered Jerusalem to Caliph Umar personally. Umar entered humbly, wearing patched clo...
Uthman expanded the Islamic empire to its greatest extent under the Rashidun, conquered Armenia and parts of North Africa, and built the first Muslim navy. His
Caliph Uthman ibn Affan ordered the compilation of an official s...
During the caliphate of Uthman, a diplomatic mission reportedly reached Chi...
Ali's caliphate was marked by the first civil war (fitna) in Is...
A major battle between the forces of Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan over the ki...
After the Battle of Siffin, a group broke away from Ali's army, rejecting the arbitration. They became known as the...
Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rightly-Guided Caliph, was struck...
...ablished the Umayyad dynasty in Damascus after the death of Ali. The Umayyads expanded Islam from Spain to Central Asia, bu...
Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Prophet ﷺ, was killed at Karbala by the fo...
Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan completed the Dome of the Rock on...
The Al-Aqsa Mosque was built by the Umayyad caliphs on the southern end of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, ne...
Caliph al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik completed the Great Mosque of D...
Often called the fifth Rightly Guided Caliph. He reversed Umayyad excesses, stopped the cursing of Ali...
The Abbasid movement overthrew the Umayyad caliphate, establishing a new dynasty that moved the capital to ...
The Abbasid army under Ziyad ibn Salih defeated the Chinese Tang Dynasty forces at the Talas Rive...
Abdullah ibn al-Muqaffa, who translated Kalila wa Dimna into Arabic, was executed in Basra. His work est...
Caliph al-Mansur built Baghdad as the new Abbasid capital, calli...
Imam Malik ibn Anas, the scholar of Medina and founder of the Maliki ...
Caliph al-Ma'mun expanded the Bayt al-Hikmah into a major intell...
Caliph al-Ma'mun imposed the Mu'tazili doctrine that the Quran w...
The Fatimid dynasty, an Ismaili Shia caliphate, was established in North Africa before conquering Egy...
...ally a Mu'tazili scholar, he famously abandoned their rationalist theology and developed a middle path that used rational a...
...ured Baghdad and became the de facto rulers of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasid caliph was reduced to a ceremonial figure...
...ty of al-Qahirah (Cairo) as the new capital of the Fatimid Caliphate. The city was planned as a royal enclave and administr...
Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham completed his Kitab al-Manazir (Boo...
...eg entered Baghdad and ended Buwayhid control. The Abbasid caliph granted Tughril the title 'Sultan' and 'King of the East ...
Abu Muhammad Ali ibn Hazm, the greatest scholar of the Zahiri (literalist) s...
...nted publicly funded institution of higher learning. Al-Ghazali was among its most famous professors.
Imam al-Haramayn Abu al-Ma'ali al-Juwayni, the leading Ash'ari theologian and Shafi'i juri...
...trade routes and scholarly networks. The empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai embraced Islam, with Mansa Musa of Mali becomi...
Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali, known as Hujjat al-Islam (Proof of Islam), died in Tus. Hi...
Ahmad al-Ghazali, the Sufi master and brother of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, died....
... al-Mu'min unified the Maghreb and established the Almohad Caliphate.
Abdul Qadir al-Jilani, the great Hanbali jurist, preacher, and Sufi saint, died in Baghdad. His teac...
...din founded the Ayyubid dynasty after deposing the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt. The Ayyubids restored Sunni governance and s...
Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Rushd, the great Andalusian philosopher, juri...
Abu al-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi, the prolific Hanbali scholar and preacher, died in Baghdad. He authored over 300...
Hulagu Khan's Mongol army sacked Baghdad, killing Caliph al-Musta'sim and an estimated hundreds of thousands of pe...
Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Qurtubi, the Maliki jurist and Quran commentator, died in Upper Egypt. His Ta...
...g body of scholarship. His 40 Hadith collection, Riyadh as-Saliheen, commentary on Sahih Muslim, and Shafi'i fiqh manuals r...
The Great Mosque of Djenne in Mali, the largest mud-brick building in the world, represents th...
The Mali Empire under Mansa Musa and successors was a major center o...
Taqi al-Din ibn Daqiq al-Id, the great Shafi'i-Maliki jurist, hadith scholar, and Chief Judge of Egypt, died in...
Mansa Musa, the Muslim emperor of the Mali Empire, undertook his famous pilgrimage to Mecca with a car...
Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah, the influential Hanbali scholar and reformer, died in prison in Damascus. His funer...
...aymiyyah, died in Damascus. His prolific writings on spirituality (Madarij as-Salikin), theology, jurisprudence, and Prophe...
Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi, the great Maliki jurist of Granada, died. His al-Muwafaqat is the most imp...
Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali, a major hadith expert, died in Damascus. His Jami al-Ulum ...
Imam Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, known as Amir al-Mu'minin fi al-Hadi...
The Ottoman navy suffered a significant defeat against a coalition of European Christian navies at Lepanto in the Gulf of ...
...icas during the transatlantic slave trade. Scholars like Bilali Muhammad of Sapelo Island and Omar ibn Said preserved their...
Shah Waliullah ad-Dehlawi, one of the greatest scholars of the Indian...
Shah Waliullah of Delhi, one of the most influential Islamic scholars...
The Fulani scholar Uthman dan Fodio established the Sokoto Caliphate in West Africa, the largest state on the continent. Hi...
Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi founded the Sanussi order in Libya, combining Suf...
Muhammad Ali Pasha, the founder of modern Egypt, modernized Egypt's army...
...Ahmad Khan founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh, promoting modern education among Indian Muslims.
...anbul. He promoted Pan-Islamic unity against European colonialism.
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolished the Ottoman Caliphate, sending the last caliph Abdulmejid II into exile. Thi...
Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal and the subsequent military interve...
The Abraham Accords normalized relations between Israel and the UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, an...
...nts sought to restore Islamic identity in the face of colonialism and secularism.
Under the Mali and Songhai Empires, Timbuktu became one of the greatest ce...