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... ﷺ in Medina — alongside building the mosque and before the Constitution — was the mu'akhat: the formal brotherhood pairing each Muh...
..., preserved in Ibn Hisham's Sirah — is the earliest written constitutional document in recorded political history. Its approximately...
...y practiced goldsmithing and trading. As signatories to the Constitution of Medina, they were formally allied with the Muslim commun...
...ssistance with blood money — a legitimate request under the Constitution of Medina they had signed — when Jibril warned him mid-visi...
...y Imam al-Mawardi. The first systematic treatise on Islamic constitutional law and political governance. Al-Mawardi discusses the ca...
...st important classical work on Islamic political theory and constitutional law.
Key events and lessons from the Prophet's years in Madinah, from the establishment of the Muslim state to the farewell pilgrimage.
...amples of religious coexistence under Muslim rule, from the Constitution of Madinah to the Ottoman millet system and Cordoba.
The Prophet's landmark agreement establishing a multi-religious polity in Madinah, its clauses, its treatment of Jews and other groups, and its significance for