Constitution of Medina

The Prophet ﷺ established the Constitution of Medina (Sahifat al-Madinah), a formal charter between the Muslim community, Jewish tribes (Banu Qaynuqa, Banu Nadir, Banu Qurayza), and pagan Arabs of Medina. It declared all signatories one political community (ummah), guaranteed religious freedom, established mutual defense obligations, prohibited alliances with Quraysh, and made the Prophet the final arbiter of disputes. This document is considered one of the earliest constitutional texts in history.