The Constitution of Madinah (Sahifat al-Madinah)

Overview

The Constitution of Madinah (صحيفة المدينة) was a document drafted by Prophet Muhammad shortly after the Hijrah in 622 CE. It established the political and social framework for the multi-ethnic, multi-religious community of Madinah, including the Muhajirun (emigrants), Ansar (helpers), and the Jewish tribes.

Key Provisions

The document established Madinah as a single political entity (ummah) with shared defense obligations. It recognized religious freedom for the Jewish tribes, allowing them to practice their faith while participating in the collective defense of the city. It established the Prophet Muhammad as the arbiter of disputes. It prohibited treachery, required mutual assistance, and declared Madinah a sanctuary (haram) where violence was forbidden.

Historical Significance

Many historians and political scientists consider the Constitution of Madinah to be the first written constitution in human history. It established principles of religious pluralism, rule of law, collective security, and citizenship-based governance that were far ahead of their time. The document demonstrates the Prophet's political acumen and the practical application of Islamic principles in governance.

Source

The full text is preserved in Ibn Ishaq's Sirah (biography of the Prophet), transmitted through Ibn Hisham. It has been studied extensively by both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars.