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... purely theological but economic, social, and political — a defense of the existing order against a message that was demonstrab...
... their internal autonomy, and would share in the collective defense of Medina. All parties pledged not to aid the Quraysh or ex...
..., legislation on zakat, the permission for fighting in self-defense, the prohibition of riba (usury), the Quran's most detailed...
...the Muslim community under a covenant that obligated mutual defense and required disputes to be brought to the Prophet ﷺ for ar...
...leader — sent word promising two thousand fighters in their defense if they stayed. The promise was false. Banu al-Nadir fortif...
...8 AH, he returned with the Muslim army and laid siege. The defenses held. The Thaqif deployed catapults and fired arrows and m...