Treaty with Banu Qaynuqa

As part of the Constitution of Medina, the Prophet established a specific treaty with the Jewish tribe of Banu Qaynuqa, who were goldsmiths and metalworkers residing in the southwestern part of Medina. The treaty guaranteed their religious freedom, protected their property, and established mutual defense obligations. In return, they were expected to refrain from hostility against the Muslims and not to aid the Quraysh. Banu Qaynuqa controlled the main marketplace of Medina and were known as the bravest of the three Jewish tribes in combat. Their chief, Ka'b ibn Asad (or Mukhayariq according to some sources), initially agreed to the terms. The Prophet intended for Medina to function as a unified city-state where all religious communities lived in peaceful coexistence under a common political framework.