Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

The Prophet ﷺ led 1,400 Muslims to Mecca for Umrah in ihram, with no intention of war. At Hudaybiyyah, the Quraysh blocked their path. After negotiations, a ten-year peace treaty was signed. Its terms appeared unfavorable: Muslims would return without performing Umrah that year, any Qurayshi who fled to Medina must be returned, but not vice versa. Umar was deeply troubled, but the Quran declared it 'a manifest victory' (48:1). The peace allowed Islam to spread rapidly without military barriers.