184 results for “din”
Clear filter...st khalifah — a vicegerent entrusted with inhabiting and tending the earth. Allah taught Adam the names of all things, a s...
...this list alongside great prophets underscores his high standing. Classical scholars such as Ibn Kathir note that Idris wa...
...nd persistently to the worship of Allah alone for an extraordinary 950 years. Allah says in the Quran (Surah Nuh 71:5-6): ...
...the Arabs (through his son Ismail) traces back to him, including the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Ibrahim was born into a family of...
... of Allah. When the men of the city came to Lut's home demanding his guests, Lut stood at the door trying to protect them, ...
...mmad ﷺ descends. His life was marked from infancy by extraordinary tests of faith and divine provision. When Ismail was st...
...ughout her long life. The angels who came to Ibrahim with tidings of the destruction of the people of Lut also brought glad...
... (peace be upon him) is honored in the Quran with an extraordinary distinction — Allah describes his story as "the best of ...
...Allah to two peoples: the people of Madyan (a prosperous trading community in the Hejaz-Sinai region near the Gulf of Aqaba...
...ll of prophetic tradition. Ayyub was tested with an extraordinary degree of hardship. He lost his wealth, his children die...
...Ismail, Alyasa, and Dhul-Kifl, and all are among the outstanding." The name Dhul-Kifl means "the possessor of kifl" — scho...
... story is a testament to the fact that divine favor, extraordinary gifts, and political authority can be combined with deep...
... You are the Bestower" (Surah Sad 38:35). Among the extraordinary gifts given to Sulayman was command over the wind (Surah...
...an. He is identified by most classical scholars as corresponding to the prophet Elijah in the biblical tradition. His missi...
...h high praise, identified by classical scholars as corresponding to the prophet Elisha. He is mentioned alongside other gre...
...rthern Iraq — and his story contains one of the most extraordinary lessons in patience, accountability, and the encompassin...
...hya as being given wisdom (hukm) from childhood — an extraordinary honor that placed him among the prophets despite his you...
... and he was" (Surah Aal Imran 3:59). Allah gave Isa extraordinary miracles: he spoke as an infant in the cradle to defend ...
...of his followers, boycotts, and loss. He then migrated to Medina (the Hijrah), which marks the beginning of the Islamic cal...
... from Adam to Muhammad ﷺ. Isa AS also gave explicit glad tidings of a messenger to come after him. The Quran records this ...
...prophet, not divine, and that the religious law remained binding. These communities were progressively marginalized and eve...
...s-Saff 61:6). The Quran's statement that Isa AS gave glad tidings of Ahmad implies this prophecy was a known element of his...
... the Father — that he was a created being, exalted but subordinate, and that there had been a time before his existence. Th...
...ty in the Roman Empire, history records that communities holding to a stricter monotheism continued to exist across the cen...
...n your people will turn you out." This statement is extraordinary on several levels. First, Waraqah immediately identified...
...is the single most detailed account of a seeker of truth finding his way to the final message. Salman was born into a prom...
...free of his father's confinement, and joined the caravan heading for Syria. He arrived and made his way to the bishop of th...
...tian scholars from city to city across Syria and its surrounding regions, Salman al-Farisi رضي الله عنه finally arrived at ...
...ad been instructed. He found a caravan of Kalb tribesmen heading to the Arabian Peninsula and negotiated passage with them ...
...iming prophethood had arrived at Quba on the outskirts of Medina, Salman immediately thought of the three signs the dying b...
...nd entered Islam at the feet of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in Medina — bringing to an end a journey that had consumed decades o...
...ad ﷺ. Khalid ibn al-Walid led the Muslim force north from Medina and routed Tulayha's forces. Tulayha fled to Syria and lat...
... fighting was ferocious — 1,200 Muslims were martyred, including many Huffaz (memorisers of the Quran). Musaylima was kille...
...ial capital and further eroded Persian ability to mount coordinated resistance in Iraq.
...one of the most consequential battles in world history, deciding the fate of the entire Levant. Emperor Heraclius sent a ma...
...urth day the Muslims found an opening: the wind turned, blinding the Persians with dust. Rustam was killed and his banner f...
...rst Friday prayer within its hall. The immense spoils, including the famous Persian carpet and the crown jewels, were sent ...
...elf. Umar ibn al-Khattab made the journey personally from Medina to receive the keys of Jerusalem — arriving on camelback, ...
...r a home to major juristic and theological schools. The founding of Kufa and Basra transformed the character of the Iraqi c...
Utba ibn Ghazwan established Basra as the southern garrison city for the Iraqi campaigns, at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates near the Persian Gulf. L
... Umar's cautious blessing, and received reinforcements including Zubayr ibn al-Awwam. The Byzantine garrison of Egypt, led ...
...h Firuz, a Persian slave of al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba, while leading the Fajr prayer in Masjid al-Nabawi. Abu Lu'lu'ah attacked...
Uthman ibn Affan was besieged in his home in Medina by rebel groups from Egypt, Kufa, and Basra, who accused h...
...ha ibn Ubaydullah, and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam led a force demanding justice for the blood of Uthman and opposing Ali's calipha...
...Muljam al-Muradi, a Khawarij avenger for Nahrawan, while leading the Fajr prayer in the mosque of Kufa. Ibn Muljam had cons...
...e surrendered the caliphate in exchange for guarantees regarding governance and the rights of his family. The Prophet ﷺ had...
... abdicating the caliphate in exchange for safe passage to Medina and certain conditions regarding Muawiyah's succession. Th...
...efused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I and journeyed from Medina toward Kufa with a small group of family members and compa...
...e structure was built over the sacred rock from which, according to Islamic tradition, the Prophet Muhammad ascended to the...
... in the former imperial territories with distinctly Islamic dinars and dirhams. The new coins carried purely epigraphic dec...
...lingness to execute those who criticized Umayyad rule, including prominent Companions and Tabi'in. He died in 95 AH, having...
... shattered, and Roderic was killed. Tariq moved with extraordinary speed, capturing Toledo, the Visigothic capital, before ...
... history. The immediate cause was the harassment of Arab trading ships by pirates operating under the protection of Raja Da...
...yad succession. Umar had previously served as governor of Medina and was known for his piety, legal knowledge, and just adm...
...and a half years (99–101 AH) was distinguished by an extraordinary program of reform that touched fiscal policy, provincial...
...t palace of Khirbat al-Mafjar near Jericho, with its extraordinary mosaic floors and sculptural program, is attributed to h...
...s Martel. The Muslim force had crossed the Pyrenees in a raiding expedition of considerable scale, pushing deep into the Fr...
...Hijja 132 AH. The Abbasids, in a systematic purge of extraordinary brutality, hunted down and killed virtually every male m...
...ually made contact with Umayyad loyalists in al-Andalus. Landing near Almunecar on the Andalusian coast in 138 AH, he ralli...
...eated at the Battle of the Zab and later killed in Egypt, ending Umayyad rule in the east. The Abbasids ushered in a new er...
...n 145 AH, the Abbasid caliph Abu Ja'far al-Mansur founded Madinat al-Salam — the City of Peace — on the western bank of the...
...n patronized poets, scholars, musicians, and jurists — including the great Imam Malik, with whom he corresponded. His era i...
...sm led him to impose the infamous Mihna (inquisition), demanding that scholars affirm the createdness of the Quran — a theo...
...oghril Beg entered Baghdad, ousting the Buyid dynasty and ending over a century of Shia political dominance over the Abbasi...
...ah madrasa in Baghdad, produced his masterwork Ihya Ulum al-Din (Revival of the Religious Sciences). Composed during a peri...
... was one of the greatest catastrophes in Islamic history, ending the Abbasid caliphate that had stood for over five centuri...
... his rationalist approach — which at times appeared to subordinate revealed knowledge to philosophical reasoning — generate...
...oplatonism, attracted criticism from orthodox scholars including al-Ghazali, who declared some of his philosophical positio...
...olarship oriented toward solving real-world problems — including calculating inheritance shares according to Islamic law, w...
...ed as a rival to Abbasid Sunni institutions. After Salah al-Din (Saladin) overthrew the Fatimid caliphate in 567 AH, he tra...
... armed engagement between the nascent Muslim community of Medina and the Quraysh of Mecca. On 17 Ramadan, 2 AH, approximate...
...ysh, Ghatafan, and various Arab and Jewish tribes besiege Medina with a combined force estimated between 10,000 and 24,000 ...
...bn al-Khattab. The conquest secured the northern flank of Medina, eliminated a major base of opposition, and provided signi...
... powerful empire of the age and established Khalid's extraordinary military gifts.
...ufyan ibn Harb embraced Islam and was instrumental in persuading the Meccans to surrender. The Prophet ﷺ entered Mecca with...
...timately routed the Hawazin, capturing enormous spoils including 6,000 prisoners and vast livestock. The Quran directly ref...
...mense cost: approximately 1,200 Muslims were martyred, including around 360-700 companions who had memorised the Quran. Thi...
... war with Byzantium. The engagement demonstrated the extraordinary offensive capability of the Muslim armies against profes...
...t consequential engagements in world history, effectively ending Sasanid Persian dominance in Mesopotamia. Sa'd ibn Abi Waq...
...e most decisive military engagements in medieval history, ending Byzantine control of the Levant. The Byzantine Emperor Her...
...the Caliph himself, so Umar ibn al-Khattab travelled from Medina to accept the surrender in person. Umar's famous entry int...
...ssassinated by one of his own subjects in Merv in 651 CE, ending the Sasanid dynasty. The battle opened the Persian heartla...
... defeated, and she was escorted with full honours back to Medina. Approximately 10,000 Muslims died on both sides. Ahl us-S...
... the men with him were killed. The women and children, including his son Ali ibn Husayn (Zayn al-Abidin), were taken captiv...
...hman al-Ghafiqi, the governor of Al-Andalus, led a large raiding expedition deep into Francia, sacking cities including Bor...
... of Talas was a rare direct military clash between the expanding Islamic world and the Tang Chinese Empire at the far reach...
... Seljuk Sultan Kilij Arslan I attempted to destroy the crusading army before it could cross Anatolia. Kilij Arslan had unde...
...was one of the longest and most brutal episodes of the crusading era. The city, defended by the Seljuk governor Yaghi-Siyan...
...city remained under Crusader control for 88 years until Saladin's reconquest in 1187. The contrast between the Crusader con...
The Battle of the Field of Blood was a decisive Muslim victory over the Crusader Principality of Antioch. Roger of Salerno, regent of Antioch, chose to engage t
...gagements of the medieval period, setting the stage for Saladin's reconquest of Jerusalem. Saladin, who had spent years pat...
Saladin's reconquest of Jerusalem on 27 Rajab 583 AH — the annivers...
... his army from Acre south along the coast toward Jaffa. Saladin's forces harassed the crusader column continuously, attempt...
...raf Khalil assembled a massive siege train, reportedly including over 100 catapults. After approximately six weeks of bomba...
The Battle of the Indus was the final stand of Jalal al-Din Mangburni, the last Khwarazmian sultan, against the Mongol ...
...first significant defeat of a Mongol army in open battle, ending the seemingly unstoppable momentum of Mongol expansion. Th...
...utheastern Europe over the following decades, eventually leading to the conquest of Constantinople in 1453.
...tion assembled under the Hungarian King Sigismund. The crusading force was notable for its overconfidence — the French knig...
...temporarily derailing Ottoman expansion. Timur had been building his own empire in Central Asia and Persia, and had clashed...
...ograms. The Byzantine garrison of approximately 7,000, including Genoese and Venetian auxiliaries, defended the Theodosian ...
...idly, and within a year Selim I had also conquered Egypt, ending the Mamluk sultanate. The Ottomans assumed the role of gua...
...e Vienna Woods and launched a massive cavalry charge — including the famous Polish Winged Hussars — against the Ottoman rea...
...y and to deter any Qurayshi decision to return and attack Medina. The Prophet ﷺ marched 8 miles south of Medina where he li...
..., and they waited for eight days at the market of Badr — trading profitably with local merchants. Abu Sufyan had marched ou...
...large Sasanid force under Mihran crossed the Euphrates intending to destroy the Muslim remnants. Al-Muthanna allowed them t...
...en probing Palestine. Khalid ibn al-Walid, after his extraordinary march across the Syrian desert, joined the Muslim forces...
...with Khalid ibn al-Walid and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah commanding different sectors. After several months of siege, the city...
... had personally led an army of approximately 100,000 — including Norman, Cuman, and Frankish mercenaries — to drive the Sel...
...tle of Montgisard was one of the most famous defeats in Saladin's career, inflicted by the young leper King Baldwin IV of J...
... escaped. The defeat fatally weakened the Almohad state, leading to its fragmentation and the rapid Christian conquest of m...
... military administrator as well as a field commander, rebuilding fortifications, reorganising the postal relay system (bari...
...locnik was a significant Serbian victory over an Ottoman raiding force in 1386, representing one of the few setbacks in Ott...
...own to Spaniards as Boabdil) faced the combined might of Ferdinand and Isabella — the 'Catholic Monarchs' — who had united ...
...llery train. After six months of brutal siege warfare, including extensive tunnelling and counter-tunnelling, the defenders...
...Ottoman victories in Europe, lasting barely two hours yet ending the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. Suleiman the Magnificent ...
...th century and the most significant Ottoman naval defeat, ending Ottoman expansion in the western Mediterranean. The Holy L...
...ely 12,000 faced Ibrahim Lodi's army of around 100,000 including war elephants. Babur's masterstroke was deploying firearms...
...of Ajmer and Delhi. Prithviraj assembled a large force including war elephants and cavalry. In the battle, Muhammad of Ghor...
...the spoils, and the Persian chain armour was displayed in Madinah. This was the first battle of the Iraq conquests and demo...
...the Muslims could cross to the Persian side of the river, ceding the strategic advantage. The Persians deployed war elephan...
... the Tigris River on horseback — a miraculous crossing according to Islamic tradition — and entered the city without signif...
...th of the Caucasus became a long-term adversary of the expanding caliphate, eventually defeating the Muslims in later campa...
... ships together with the Byzantine vessels and fought a boarding action as if on land. The result was a crushing Byzantine ...
...ed sword of the Kharijite Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muljam while leading Fajr prayer at the mosque of Kufa. He died two days later....
...n Islam, where one prayer equals 500 prayers elsewhere according to hadith. Al-Aqsa has been a symbol of Islamic connection...
...ds presided over the Islamic Golden Age, a period of extraordinary advances in science, philosophy, medicine, and the arts.
...nsur built Baghdad as the new Abbasid capital, calling it Madinat al-Salam (City of Peace). The round city became the large...
Imam Malik ibn Anas, the scholar of Medina and founder of the Maliki school, died in the city of the ...
...ed in Egypt. His school synthesized the approaches of the Medinan and Iraqi schools and became predominant in East Africa, ...
Caliph al-Ma'mun expanded the Bayt al-Hikmah into a major intellectual center in Baghdad. Scholars translated Greek, Persian, and Indian works into Arabic, pres
...e al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabalah, founding the discipline of algebra. Working at the House of Wisdom ...
...established in North Africa before conquering Egypt and founding Cairo in 969 CE. Despite being Shia, the Fatimids generall...
...ated from the caliphate, with various regional dynasties holding actual authority.
The Fatimid general Jawhar al-Siqilli conquered Egypt and founded the city of al-Qahirah (Cairo) as the new capital of the Fatimid Caliphate. The city was plann
...versities. Transformed into a Sunni institution by Salah ad-Din, it remains the most prestigious center of Sunni Islamic sc...
... in the Punjab region. Mahmud also patronized scholars including al-Biruni and Ferdowsi.
...nes and forms images through small apertures. This understanding laid the foundation for modern photography and cinema. His...
...Manazir (Book of Optics), which revolutionized the understanding of light and vision. He proved that vision occurs when lig...
Nizam al-Mulk, the powerful Seljuk vizier, established the Nizamiyyah madrasa in Baghdad, the first well-documented publicly funded institution of higher learni
Imam al-Haramayn Abu al-Ma'ali al-Juwayni, the leading Ash'ari theologian and Shafi'i jurist, died in Nishapur. H...
...e Muslim world and eventually prompted the rise of Salah ad-Din.
...at al-Islam (Proof of Islam), died in Tus. His Ihya Ulum ad-Din (Revival of the Religious Sciences) remains one of the most...
Saladin founded the Ayyubid dynasty after deposing the Fatimid cali...
...fter his decisive victory at the Battle of Hattin, Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders. Unlike t...
Salahuddin al-Ayyubi decisively defeated the Crusader armies at the Ho...
After Saladin's recapture of Jerusalem, the European monarchs launched th...
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, the great polymath and author of the massive Quran...
Muhyi al-Din ibn Arabi, known as al-Shaykh al-Akbar, died in Damascus. H...
...d becoming the protectors of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
...reds of thousands of people. Libraries were destroyed, including the House of Wisdom. The Tigris ran black with ink from ma...
Izz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam, known as the Sultan of the Scholars, died...
... Morocco. They were great patrons of Islamic education, founding numerous madrasas.
Jalal al-Din Muhammad al-Rumi, the great Persian poet and Sufi mystic, d...
Ala al-Din ibn al-Nafis, the physician who first described the pulmona...
...Sultan captured Acre, the last major Crusader stronghold, ending nearly two centuries of Crusader presence in the Holy Land...
...e Great Mosque of Djenne in Mali, the largest mud-brick building in the world, represents the deep penetration of Islam int...
Taqi al-Din ibn Daqiq al-Id, the great Shafi'i-Maliki jurist, hadith sc...
...erosity along the way disrupted gold markets in Cairo and Medina. His journey put the Mali Empire on European maps and demo...
Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah, the influential Hanbali scholar and re...
Shams al-Din al-Dhahabi, one of the greatest Muslim historians and hadit...
Shams ad-Din Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, the most prominent student of I...
Taj al-Din al-Subki, the Shafi'i scholar and Chief Judge of Damascus, ...
...a'at al-Ashr is the definitive work on the ten canonical readings.
...he last Muslim kingdom in Spain, Granada, surrendered to Ferdinand and Isabella. Sultan Abu Abdullah (Boabdil) wept as he l...
Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti, one of the most prolific scholars in Islamic his...
Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, one of the most prolific scholars in Islamic his...
...control of Syria, Egypt, and the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. The Ottoman sultan assumed the role of protector of the H...
Ottoman Sultan Selim I conquered Egypt, ending the Mamluk Sultanate and gaining control over the Muslim h...
Mughal Emperor Akbar established the Din-i Ilahi, an eclectic spiritual movement. Ahmad Sirhindi lat...
...ect, died in Istanbul. He designed over 300 structures including the Suleymaniye and Selimiye mosques.
...d geometric patterns. It remains one of the most iconic buildings in the world.
...m has been present in America since before the nation's founding.
Scholars Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi established the Deoband seminary in India. This institution pioneered Islamic education independent o
Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, the influential Islamic reformer and political ...
...Islamic modernism, died in Cairo. With his teacher Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani and his student Rashid Rida, Abduh sought to rec...
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolished the Ottoman Caliphate, sending the last caliph Abdulmejid II into exile. This left the Mu...
Hassan al-Banna founded the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailia, Egypt. It became the most influential Islamic movement of the 20th century.
...became the custodian of the two holy mosques in Mecca and Medina. The discovery of oil in 1938 transformed the kingdom into...
... of the Grand Mosque in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims. These expan...
... a central concern for Muslims worldwide, particularly regarding the status of al-Aqsa Mosque.
...ami devastated Aceh, Indonesia, killing over 160,000 and leading to a peace agreement ending decades of conflict.
...ged as a significant global industry with total assets exceeding $2 trillion. The 2008 crisis highlighted the stability of ...
...script fragments at Birmingham between 568 and 645 CE, providing evidence for early Quranic preservation.
...sions of Masjid al-Haram in Mecca and Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina. From accommodating thousands to millions, these expansion...