Detailed Provisions of the Constitution of Medina

The Constitution of Medina (Sahifat al-Madinah) was a comprehensive document that established a multi-religious, multi-tribal polity in Medina. Beyond the general framework of unity, the document contained specific provisions: all parties formed one ummah distinct from other people; the Jews of Banu Awf, Banu al-Najjar, Banu al-Harith, Banu Sa'idah, Banu Jusham, Banu al-Aws, Banu Tha'labah, and Jafnah were allies of the believers with freedom to practice their religion; no party could go to war without the Prophet's permission; collective defense was mandatory if Medina was attacked; disputes were referred to Allah and His Messenger; Yathrib was declared a sanctuary (haram); neighbors had the same rights as one's own self; the Quraysh and their allies were excluded from protection; and either party could propose amendments. This document is considered one of the earliest constitutional texts in human history and demonstrated the Prophet's political genius in creating a functional pluralistic society.