Thuluth Script: The Monumental Calligraphy

Definition

Thuluth (خط الثلث) is one of the most elegant and complex Arabic calligraphic scripts, used primarily for decorative and monumental purposes. Its name means 'one-third,' possibly referring to the proportion of curved to straight strokes, or to the size of the pen nib used.

Characteristics

Thuluth is distinguished by its tall, stately letters, elongated vertical strokes, and elaborate cursive connections. Letters often feature dramatic sweeps and ornamental flourishes. The script demands exceptional skill, as the proportional relationships between letters are more complex than in Naskh or Nastaliq.

Usage

Due to its grandeur, Thuluth is primarily used for: Quran chapter headings (while Naskh is used for the body text), mosque inscriptions and architectural decorations, official documents and royal decrees, and artistic calligraphic compositions. The Kiswah (covering of the Ka'bah) is embroidered in gold Thuluth script. The Hagia Sophia's giant roundels displaying the names of Allah, Muhammad, and the four caliphs are written in Thuluth.

Masters

The script was codified by Ibn Muqlah and refined by subsequent masters. Yaqut al-Musta'simi is credited with perfecting Thuluth into its classical form. In the Ottoman period, Hamid Aytac and Mustafa Rakim Efendi are considered among its greatest practitioners.