. I '/ } (cont.)

2 For the entire story, see ibn Katheer, Ta/seer, vol. 1, pp. 194-197. 3 After recording the hadith, al-Bazzaar stated, "We do not know of this being narrated from Abu Huraira except through this chain." The chain contains Ibbaad ibn Mansoor. According to al­ Haithami, he is weak but the remaining narrators in the chain are all trustworthy. However, ibn Hajr states that his hadith are close to the level of hasan. Al-Mizi records various contradicting statements about Ibbaad. Ibn Adi concludes that his hadith are to be recorded, meaning that his narrations are not acceptable by themselves but are accepted if they are supported by other narrations. Unfortunately, in this particular case, there does not seem to be anyone else who supports this narration. The same statement is narrated as a statement of ibn Abbas. According to ibn Hajr, this hadith is also narrated as a statement of the Prophet (peace be upon him) in ibn Abu Hatim's commentary on the Quran. However, in the published edition of that work, this statement is not mentioned as a hadith of the Prophet (peace be upon him). Allah knows best. Cf., ibn Hajr, Fath, vol. 15, p. 188; Noor al-Deen Ali al-Haithami, Majma al-Zawaaid wa Manha al­ Fawaaid (Beirut: Daar al-Fikr, 1992), vol. 7, p. 26; Noor al-Deen Ali al-Haithami, Kash/ al443 Commentary on the Forty Hadith of al-Nawawi Allah has made a very clear warning in the Quran for anyone who: considers differing with the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and not · completely submitting to his way. Allah has said, , ". • \;•, ::.. .,J. ; J. ., 'i\ ई; "• .,J. ; J. 'i মআ.,'i\ u>- " · ; ઙ.1ચJ.. I इ jl. ; • - .,f"1 )-:, " _ .;"1 ·":• - -'->"' r-+·- ࣷ J अ r K ·-;.,a..j ul _,, ..., I.>- ..u ࢋ ,... ,,,. ,,,. .. ,,. ,,. "And let those be warned who oppose [any] order of the Messenger that there will be a trial to befall them or a painful punishment inflicted on them" (a/­ Noor 63). Related Issues The Principle that "Hardship Begets Facility" A legal maxim that is derived from this hadith is that "hardship begets facility." It is clear from this hadith that not all that the Prophet (peace be upon him) ordered is within the capacity of each individual. There may be times when fulfilling the order may lead to great hardship. In such cases, the Shareeah makes things easier for the individual so that he does not have to face any undue hardship. For example, it may become very difficult upon a person who is traveling to fulfill all of the regular practices of Islam. The shareeah has realized this fact and has taken the traveler's particular situation into consideration. Therefore, for example, a traveler is allowed to break his fast, combine his prayers and shorten them as well. A fiqh example based on this principle is the ignoring of small amounts of impurities that may be difficult to remove or continuously avoid. Similarly, in business contracts, there might be some amount of "ignorance" or lack of exactness involved that is overlooked by the shareeah.1 These are all based on this principle that undue hardship or difficulties are taken into consideration by the shareeah. This does not mean that if one faces any form of hardship, he is no longer to apply the shareeah. There are some types of "hardship" that the Astaar an Z,awaaid al-Bazzaar (Beirut: Muassasat al-Risaalah, 1984), vol. 3, p. 40; Yoosuf al­ Mizi, Tahdheeb al-Kamaalfi Asmaa al-Rijaal (Beirut: Muassasat al-Risaalah, 1988), vol. 14, pp. 1 56-161; Abdullah ibn Adi, al-Kaamilfi Dhuafaa al-Rijaal (Beirut: Daar al-Fikr, 1984), vol. 4, pp. 1644-1646; Abdul Rahmaan ibn Abu Haatim, Ta/seer al-Quran al-Adheem (Madina: Maktaba al-Daar, 1408 A.H.), vol. 1, pp. 214-215. 1 For example, when getting into a taxi one does not know exactly how much the ride is going to cost him to a specific location. Although this information is not known and undetermined at the outset of the implied contract, due to the difficulty in determining such matters, the shareeah overlooks that small amount of uncertainty and allows this transaction due to the need for it. . ॱ' Hadith #9: "What I have Forbidden You, Avoid ... " shareeah expects the person to bear. For example, prayer five times a day is a type of "hardship," in the sense that it requires effort on the part of the person. However, that kind of "hardship" is approved by the shareeah and no one is allowed to abandon that act in the name of hardship. What is referred to by this principle is the undue or extreme hardship that one cannot normally meet on a day to day basis. The Principle that "When Conflicting, Preventing Harm takes Precedence Over Producing Benefits" This is another important principle that is discussed by the jurists.