1. The first is the addition of an action that is similar to the

actions of the prayers such as adding a bowing or any pillar. The prayer would be invalidated if that was done intentionally, and if done absentmindedly he must prostrate for the forgetfulness. • And if he remembers while he was performing an (1) additional rak'ah , he must sit down immediately. (1) For example, being in the fourth rak'at in the Maghreb prayer or the fifth in the Asr prayer. 179 International University in Latin America • And if he makes tasleem while having missed part of the prayer, he must perform that which is left of it (1) (2) upon him , and then prostrate . • And if he does an action that is not similar to the actions of the prayer, then it is equal whether he did it intentionally or absentmindedly. If that action was a lot, it invalidates it, and if it was little - like the doing of the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) in his carrying of Umamah and opening the door for 'Aisha - then there is no harm. 2. The second type: omission, like forgetting a mandatory (3) action .

(1) That would mean that omitted part and what is after it if it was omitted from the last rak'at or an entire rak'at if the omission took place in one of the previous rak'ats. (2) That was put under the category of addition and not omission, since the net actions of the prayer after he makes up for what he missed would be more, for they will include an added tashahhud and tasleem at least. (3) Omission would only refer to the omission of a mandatory action, since that is the only omission that requires the prostration of forgetfulness - unlike the preferable actions - and doesn't require a make up - unlike the pillars - so the net actions of the prayer will 180 International University in Latin America • So, if he stood up before [performing] the first tashahhud and remembered before he is fully erect, then he should go back and perform it. But, if he remembered after he became fully erect, he should not go back. • And if he forgets a pillar and remembers it before he begins the recital of another [next] rak'ah, he must go back and perform it and whatever is after it. And if he remembered it after that [the recital of the next rak'ah], then his rak'ah in which he missed the pillar (1) is invalidated . end up being less than what is prescribed.

Omission of a sunnah act would still make the net actions of the prayer less, but would not call for the prostration of forgetfulness. (See the last chapter for the sunnah acts and the sujood of forgetfulness. (1) So if he was now in the third rak'at, he should consider himself to be in the second. 181 International University in Latin America • And if he forgets four prostrations out of four (1) rak'ahs , and remembered while he was in the tashahhud, he should prostrate immediately, thus, validating one rak'ah, and then he must perform three rak'ahs. 3. The third type: Doubt. (2) • Whoever doubted whether he missed a pillar, it is like missing it. • And whoever doubts the number of rak'ahs [he (3) prayed], he must proceed on the basis of certainty .

(1) An example to clarify what is to be done when you remember skipping pillars of previous and current rak'ats. In this case, he made one sujood in every rak'at, thus invalidating the first three since he is now well into the fourth. But, he still can salvage the fourth rak'at and that is by going back and making sujood to make up for the one missed and then rising to make up for the first three rak'ats. (2) The doubt meant here is the significant doubt, not the obsessions. (3) There are two main reports pertaining to this issue: 1reported by (Ag) from Ibn Mas'ood in which the Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace be upon him) said: "when one of you has doubt about his prayer, let him seek what is correct (or closer to correctness, as in a different report by (M)). 182 International University in Latin America Except for the imam, he proceeds on the basis of what (1) is more probable . [When to Make Sujood as-Sahw] Prescribed for every forgetfulness, are two prostrations (2) before the tasleem, except for : 2reported by (M) from Abi Sa'eed al-Khudrey in which the Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace be upon him) said: "when one of you has doubt about his prayer, let him cast the doubt away and proceed on the basis of certainty." Based on these reports and others, the scholars disagreed with regards to what should be done in the case of having doubts, the majority (M+S+A) argue that he should base his action on the lesser number if he doubted the number of rak'ats or presume that he didn't perform the pillar regarding which he has the doubt.

(H + al-Layth) said that in the case of doubt that is recurrent, he may try to realize the correct number…etc and if he couldn't, he should proceed on the basis of certainty (i.e. the lesser number), but if it was the first time he had doubt, he must (H): redo the prayer (al-Layth) redo the rak'at. Ath-Thawry and al-Awza'ey argued that he should try to realize the correct number and proceed on the basis of probability. (a+T) divide doubt into types: 1when one can not discern which one of the two possibilities is more probable, and here he must proceed on the basis of certainty in compliance with the hadith of Abi Sa'eed. 2when he can discern which one of the two possibilities is more probable, and here he would follow what he believed to be more probable in compliance with the hadith of Ibn Mas'ood. The latter opinion is strong and reconciles between the reports and Allah knows best. (1) According to (A2), this would another way to reconcile between the reports.

(2) It would be acceptable to make all prostrations of forgetfulness before tasleem. 183 International University in Latin America 1. one who makes tasleem prior to completing his prayer 2. or the imam if he proceeded on the basis of the more probable 3. and the one who forgets to prostrate before the tasleem, They should prostrate after the tasleem and then make (1) tashahhud and tasleem . [As For The Ma'moom] Prostration of forgetfulness is not mandatory upon the (1) According to Ibn Sereen, Ibn al-Mundhir and T(may Allah bestow mercy on them), he should make tasleem without tashahhud. The reports on tashahhud after sujood as-Sahw are controversial. Allah knows best. 184 International University in Latin America one led in the prayer, except when his imam forgets, then he prostrates with him. And for one whose imam forgets or something happens (1) to him during his prayer, then tasbeeh (saying subhanallah ) (2) [is prescribed] for men and clapping for women . (1) Means: Allah be exalted.

(2) (Ag) reported from Sahl ibn Sa'd that the Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace be upon him) said: "…he who is concerned about something during his prayer should say Subhana-Allah, for if he says Subhana-Allah, he will be noticed; clapping is only for women." 185 International University in Latin America Summary of the Unit The pillars of prayer are: • Standing if capable • Saying takbeerat-ul-Ihram (the opening takbeer), i.e. Allahu Akbar. According to the majority, the non-Arab is not allowed to say it in his language unless he cannot say it in Arabic. • Reciting Al-Fatihah in Arabic; and it is not allowed in any language other than Arabic. If one cannot learn it, he can replace it with the dhikrs prescribed by the Prophet (peace be upon him) or even by repeating the takbeer; saying 'Allahu Akbar' for a space of time equivalent to that of reciting Al-Fatihah. • Bowing and tranquility in it • Rising from it with tranquility • Prostration and tranquility therein • Sitting after it with tranquility • The last tashahhud and sitting during it • The first tasleem • Following the order as mentioned. 186 International University in Latin America Dropping any of these pillars, one's prayer will be invalid. The mandatory actions of Prayer: • Takbeer other than the opening one. • Exaltation [of Allah] in the rukoo' and sujood; once in each. • At-Tasmee', saying " same'a Allahu liman hamidah", and At-Tahmeed, saying "rabbana laka alhamd" • Saying "rabbi-ghfir-lee" between the two sujoods • The first tashahhud • Sitting for it • Sending prayers onto the prophet in the last tashahhud Omitting any of these acts intentionally, one's prayer is rendered invalid, and if one does so unintentionally he is required to make two prostrations for forgetfulness.

However, the majority of scholars regard these acts as only preferable ones. Preferable acts of prayer: Acts Aside from the ones abovementioned are preferable, and the prayer is not invalidated by omitting them and 187 International University in Latin America prostrations for forgetfulness are not mandatory for forgetting them. Forgetfulness: Forgetfulness is one of three types: