1. Mention the rulings pertaining to using gold and silver

vessels. 2. State in brief the etiquettes of using the lavatory. Place a check mark for correct answers and an 'X' for wrong answers: Gold and silver vessels should not be used in 1. eating. ( ) Vessels soldered by gold are lawful to be used 2. for food or purification. ( ) When using the lavatory, one should not bear 3. with him any object including the mention of Allah.

( ) When using the lavatory outdoors, one can give 4. his back to the qiblah (direction of prayer). ( ) It is permissible that one touches his penis with 5. his right hand while urinating. ( ) Bones can be used in wiping after using the 6. lavatory. ( ) Multiple choice questions: 1. According to the matn, impurities other than that caused by the dog or pig are sufficient to be washed (one time - three times - five times). 2.

It is not permissible that one urinates in (a hidden place - a hole). 3. Wiping oneself can be done with (only stones - only tissues - stones, tissues or the like). 53 International University in Latin America Didactic activity Dear student, in order learn more about the topics tackled in this unit, you should: Write a paper on the vessels and utensils and one on using the lavatory. 54 International University in Latin America Unit Three Unit Three: Wudu' (Minor ablution) Wudu' (Minor ablution) 55 International University in Latin America Contents of the Unit • Wudu' (Minor ablution); its mandatory acts and preferable ones • Wiping over leather socks and the like, and the relevant rulings • The Nullifiers of wudu' 56 International University in Latin America Importance of the Unit: This lecture is intended to clarify how to perform wudu', how and when to wipe over leather socks and the like, and finally sheds light on the nullifiers of wudu'. Learning Objectives: Dear learner, after studying this lecture you are expected to be able to: - Differentiate between the obligatory and preferable acts of wudu'. - Explain how and when one can wipe over leather socks and the like. - Recognize the nullifiers of wudu'. 57 International University in Latin America Text and Exposition (1 ) B1-C4 Chapter On Wudu' (Minor Ablution) (I) [Necessity of Intention] Wudu' and other acts of worship are not valid without being intended. That is because of the statement of the Messenger of Allah (May Allah bless him and give him peace): "Verily, deeds are by their intentions, and verily (1) The prescribed washing and wiping of certain parts of the body to achieve ritual purity, and it linguistically means radiance and beauty, for it causes the performer of it to have spiritual beauty in this life, and both spiritual and physical beauty in the hereafter. The reward of wudu' is great, Allah's Messenger (blessings and peace be upon him) said: "When a servant of God makes ablution and rinses his mouth, his wrong deeds [committed by this organ] fall from it.

As he rinses his nose, his wrong deeds fall from it. When he washes his face, his wrong deeds fall from it until they fall from beneath his eyelashes. When he washes his hands, his wrong deeds fall from them until they fall from beneath his fingernails. When he wipes his head, his wrong deeds fall from it until they fall from his ears. When he washes his feet, his wrong deeds fall from them until they fall from beneath his toenails.

Then his walking to the mosque and his prayer give him extra reward." (Ma; Albani: Auth) 58 International University in Latin America (1) every person will have [the reward of] what he intended." (II) [Description of Wudu'] 1Then, he says: "Bismillah" (in the name of Allah); (2) 2And washes his hands thrice ; (3) 3Then rinses his mouth and nostrils thrice; combining both with one handful of water or three; (1) Ag. (2) The most comprehensive hadith on the acts of wudu' is a report from 'Uthman ibn 'Affaan in which he described the wudu' of the Prophet. Al-Bukhari and Muslim reported that 'Uthman ibn 'Affaan (May Allah be pleased with him) asked for water and made wudu', he washed his hands thrice and rinsed his mouth and nostrils, and then his face thrice, then he washed his right forearm to the elbow thrice and then the left likewise, and then wiped on his head and washed his right foot to the ankle thrice and then the left likewise. He then said: I have seen the Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace be upon him) make wudu' similar/close to mine. (3) To do the rinsing of both parts successively from one handful of water; This appears to be the way the Prophet rinsed his mouth and nostrils based on the following hadith: 'Ali once called for water for ablution, rinsed his mouth, sniffed up water into his nostrils and blew it out with his left hand.

He did that three times and then said, "That is how the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) would purify himself." A. Auth. You will use your right hand to bring the water to your mouth and nostrils and then the left to blow the water out. Of note here is that, by agreement, separating between the rinsing of the mouth and nose is acceptable, particularly for those who can't master combining between them. 59 International University in Latin America 4Then, he washes his face thrice from the hairline down to the bottom of the jaws and chin in length, and from the ear to the other ear in width; and runs his wet fingers through his beard if it was abundant, but if it was showing the skin underneath, he should wash it; 5Then, he washes his hands (forearms) to the elbows thrice, and includes the elbows in washing; 6Then, he wipes his head including the ears, starting with his hands at the forelock and wiping to the nape, and back to the forelock; 7Then, he washes his feet to the ankles thrice, and includes them in washing; and he washes the inner aspects of his toes; 8Then, he raises his sight to the heavens and says: "ashhadu al-la ilaha illa allahu wahdahu la shareeka lahu wa ashhadu anna muhammadan 'abduhu wa rasooloh" (I bear witness that there is no God but Allah, 60 International University in Latin America one without partner, and I bear witness that Muhammad (1) is his servant and messenger) . (III) [Mandatory Actions] What is mandatory of all of that is: 1The intention, (2) 2Washing each part once , except for the hands, (3) 3And wiping over the entire head once, (1) In an agreed upon hadith, the prophet promised the one who perfects his wudu' and then makes this statement to have the eight gates of paradise opened for him to enter from whichever one he pleases.

(2) The rest of the four imams consider the rinsing of the mouth and nostrils only preferable. The hanbali position is strong because of the following reports: 1Laqeet ibn Sabirah reported that the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) said, "When one performs ablution, he should rinse his mouth." D; Auth. 2Abu Hurairahh reported that the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) said, "When one of you performs ablution, he should sniff water up his nostrils and then blow it out." Ag. The hanbalis then differed over the validity of the wudu' of one who doesn't rinse the mouth and nostrils; some said it is invalid; others said it is valid but he would acquire a sin. The latter opinion is strong. (3) In other schools of fiqh, wiping over part of the head is sufficient.

The position of the hanbali school here is strong. The sunnah is to wipe twice, starting from the front to the back and back to the front. 61 International University in Latin America (1) 4Doing all this in the sequence we mentioned , 5And not deferring the washing of any part until the part prior to it becomes dry. (2) (IV) [The Recommended (sunnah) Acts] The sunnah (preferable acts) are: (3) 1To mention the name of Allah, This sunnah is reported by (G) from Abdullah ibn Zayd. One can fix his hair thereafter if it became messy. (1) In the verse quoted here above from surat al-Ma'edah, Allah decreed the obligations in a specific order.

He separated the legs from the hands, though both of them have to be washed, by mentioning the wiping on the head between them. That must have been for a benefit and that is to indicate the importance of the order. Of note here also, that the Prophet has never violated the order mentioned in surat alMa'edah of those 4 pillars of wudu'. (2) Some confusion took place in the minds of some Muslims since the jurists (may Allah bestow mercy on them) used the word sunnah to refer to the recommended actions Vs. those that are obligatory. This led some people to think that what the Prophet says is only a recommendation.

None of the Jurists intended to infer that, and all of them agreed that what the Prophet commands could be mandatory of recommended based on certain criteria laid down by them. If there is no indication of the opposite all of his commands indicate obligation. (3) Because of the Prophet's statement: 62 International University in Latin America (1) 2Washing the two hands , 3Perfecting the rinsing of the mouth and nostrils by letting the water reach as far around and back as possible, unless he is fasting, "There is no [valid/perfect] wudu' for the one who didn't mention the name of Allah at it" reported by Al-Tirmidhi and others with controversial authenticity. Because of this hadith, some scholars count the basmalah as mandatory. Whenever the Prophet negates something, it either is invalid or imperfect, invalidity is assumed first until proven otherwise.

In this case what makes the vast majority who believe in the authenticity of the hadith claim that he (blessings and peace be upon him) meant there is no perfect Vs. valid is the fact that the Quran says in describing the wudu': R Q Q G GF v6G Q F R G Q F G F G F Gv6Q F R G R FG G F R "O you who believe! When you intend to offer As-Salât (the prayer), wash your faces and your hands (forearms) up to the elbows, rub (by passing wet hands over) your heads, and (wash) your feet up to ankles…" The Quran didn't mention the mention of the name of Allah and none of the reports describing the wudu' of the prophet mentioned that he started with saying "Bismillah" (1) This becomes mandatory when one rises from sleep for Abu Hurairahh reported that the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) said, "When one of you rises from his sleep, he should not put his hand into a pot until he has washed it three times, for he does not know where his hand was (while he slept)." G. 63 International University in Latin America (1) 4Running the wet fingers through the beard , (2) 5and inner aspects of fingers and toes , (3) 6Wiping the ears , (4) 7Beginning with the right parts before the left , (5) 8And washing thrice , More than that (washing three times) (6) is disliked as well as excessiveness in using the water . (1) 'Aishah reported that the Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace be upon him) would run his fingers through his beard. (T):Auth. (2) As recommended by the Prophet in a hadith reported and deemed sound by (T).

(3) Some scholars consider wiping the ears mandatory as part of the head and quote a hadith reported by (D) and others in which he (blessings and peace be upon him) said: "The ears are part of the head." The hadith is controversial, but it was the sunnah of the Prophet to wipe the ears as reported by (D) and others from Ibn Omar and al-Miqdaam. (4) 'Aishahh said: "The Messenger of Allah used to like starting with the right side when he put on his shoes, combed his hair and when he performed ritual ablution [minor and major]." Ag. (5) Refer to the hadith of 'Uthman in the descriptions of the Prophet's prayer. Yet, he (blessings and peace be upon him) washed once and twice at times indicating that more than once is preferable. (6) Anas said: "The Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) used to make ghusl (ritual bathing) with a saa' [=muddx4] of water and wudu' with one mudd [two handfuls] of water." Ag. 64 International University in Latin America (V) [Tooth Cleaning] (1) It is recommended to clean the teeth when • the mouth [taste or odor of] has changed, • when rising from sleep, • and before prayers, because of the statement of the Messenger of Allah (May Allah bless him and give him peace): "Had it not been an overburden for my nation, I would have commanded them to (2) clean their teeth before every prayer." It is recommended at all other times except for the fasting (3) person after the sun's zenith .

Islam is a religion of moderation, and it protects the environment by forbidding excessiveness and extravagance, while allowing man to enjoy God's provisions. (1) The siwak that is recommended is the mere cleaning of the teeth. The reward would thus be attained by using a tooth brush. The particular stick of arak obtained from certain desert shrubs in Arabia is not necessary for this purpose, but it is what the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) used and there are many scientifically confirmed reports of its benefits for the teeth.

(3) There is no clear proof on it being disliked after this time. Some of our honorable jurists felt it is best to leave the odor of the mouth of 65 International University in Latin America B1-C5 Chapter on Wiping over the Leather Socks and Their Likes K (1) 1It is permissible to wipe on the leather socks and (2) whatever resembles them like the thick socks that stay the fasting person since it is beloved by Allah as indicated by the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him). Others argued that the odor is not coming from the mouth but rather from the stomach and cleaning the teeth would not abate it. The latter opinion is strong. (1) Wiping is done on the top, not the bottom of the sock or shoe; AlMugheerah said: "I saw the Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace be upon him) wipe on the top of his socks." (T): Sound.

That is why Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "If the religion was based on opinion, the bottom of the sock would have taken precedence over the top in wiping." (D). (2) Ibn al-Mugheerah narrated from his father: The Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace be upon him) wiped over his socks and over his forelock and turban. (M). in other report, he said "wiped on the socks and shoes" in this hadith, there is no distinction between the thick or thin socks, thus many scholars allow wiping on all socks. You may also wipe on the shoes if they are up to the ankle or if you have socks underneath them given you wore them after you have made wudu' in which you washed your feet. Wiping on the socks and shoes with socks underneath them as well as on the scarf for women is one of the legitimate concessions - based in the revelation 66 International University in Latin America on the feet and the shoes that go beyond the anklebones; And this is in the minor ablution; one day for the resident and three for the traveler from the time of breaking the ritual purity to the next.

And that is because of the statement of the Messenger of Allah: "The traveler will (1) wipe three days and the resident one." 2And whenever he wipes and the period is over - or he takes the footgear off before it is over - his purity (2) becomes invalid . 3And whoever wipes while a traveler and then reaches his place of residence - or vice versa - he should wipe for one day only like a resident. - that facilitate praying for people. It is therefore essential that we propagate this sunnah. (1) Shuraih b. Hani said: I came to 'Aishah to ask her about wiping over the socks. She said: You better ask ('Ali) son of Abu Talib for he used to travel with Allah's Messenger (blessings and peace be upon him).

We asked him and he said: The Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace be upon him) stipulated (the upper limit) of three days and three nights for a traveler and one day and one night for the resident.

(2) There is no clear proof the purity becomes invalidated with the removal of the socks or turban. 67 International University in Latin America (1) 4It is permissible to wipe on the turban if it has a tail , and covered the entire head, except that which is usually uncovered. 5A condition of the validity of wiping in all that is to have worn that which will be wiped on in a state of complete purity. 6It is allowable to wipe on the Band-Aid/Bandage if he didn't exceed in wearing it the part that needs to be wrapped. And that is until he unwraps it. 7The man and woman are equal in that regard. Except that (2) the woman may not wipe on the turban . (1) There is no authentic clear proof that the turban must have a tail. Yet, the honorable jurists disliked wearing a turban without a tail (dhu'abah) because these used to be the turbans of the people of the book and some deviant sects.

A Muslim is not to imitate nonMuslims in their dress code unless it is a universal one like the suits in our time; wearing them would not tell in any way of your religion. However, if one lives in a Muslim country where Muslims have their own dress code, he should not distinguish himself from his brethren. (2) The woman may however wipe on the scarf (khimar) according to one opinion of (A). Ibn Qudamah reports in al-Mughni that Oum Salamah used to do it. The woman can't wipe on the turban because it is forbidden for her to wear one. 68 International University in Latin America B1-C6 Chapter On The Nullifiers Of Wudu' (Minor Ablution) :/"-B ?L Which are seven: (1) 1What exits from the private parts .

(2) 2Impure discharges from elsewhere in the body, if they were voluminous enough to be repulsing. K (3) 3Loss of intellect , except for light sleep while sitting or (4) standing . (1) (2) 4Touching the penis with his hands . (1) That includes worms and stones for the majority and precludes them for (M+Z). The latter position is strong.

(2) Such as blood, pus (qayh) and serosanguineous discharge (sadeed). According to (M+S+T) that would not nullify the wudu', and it was reported that 'Umar continued to pray while his wound was gushing forth with blood. (3) Including sleep, coma, insanity or intoxication. (4) In a report by (D), it is indicated - based on the action of the companions - that even lying would not invalidate the wudu' as long as it is light sleep, which is defined as the kind of sleep during which the person would still recognize/feel if he passed wind. 69 International University in Latin America 5And if his skin touches the skin of a woman with lustful (3) desire . 6And apostasy from Islam. (1) That also includes, besides the penis, the woman's external sexual organs, whether one touched his own or others', including children.

S: the anus as well. (2) For many scholars, including (M+T), it would only nullify the wudu' if done with desire. Their position is strong for there are two reports from the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) regarding this issue: 1Busrah bint Safwan reported that the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) said: "Whoever touches his sexual organ, may not pray until he makes wudu'." 2Talq reported: "A man asked the Prophet if a man who touches his penis has to perform ablution. The Prophet replied: "No, it is only a part of you." Both ahadeeth were related by the five (G-B& M) and are both authentic, and the best way to reconcile between them is to make the distinction between one who touches his privates with desire and one who touches them without lustful desire. (3) 'Aishahh (may Allah be pleased with her) said: "One night, I missed the Messenger of Allah in my bed, and so went to look for him.

I put my hand on the sole of his feet while he was praying and saying, 'O Allah, I seek refuge in Your pleasure from Your anger, in Your forgiveness from Your punishment, in You from You. I cannot praise you as You have praised Yourself" M. (D+T) reported from 'Aishahh that the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) would kiss some/one of his wives and pray without making wudu'. Based on this hadith (authenticated by al-Albani) and others, based on these reports and others from 'Aishah, some scholars (A2, and chosen by T) maintain that touching the woman without intercourse or the exiting of anything from the penis would not nullify the wudu'. They would still prefer for the person (male or even female according to one opinion) who touched a spouse with lust to make wudu'. 70 International University in Latin America (1) 7And eating camel's meat for the report from the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him): "he (blessings and peace be upon him) was asked: should we make wudu' after eating camel's meat?

He said yes, make wudu' after eating their meat; he was then asked: should we make wudu' after eating lamb? He said: if you want, then make wudu' and if you want to not make wudu', then don't." He who is certain of having ritual purity and has some doubt whether he had thereafter a cause for ritual impurity and he who is certain of having had a reason for sexual impurity, and doubt whether he had made ablution thereafter, (2) he must follow what he is certain of . (1) Contrary to the opinion of the majority (H+M+S), thus this position is one of the mufradat (distinctive positions) of the hanbali madhab, which are positions upheld by the madhab that are contrary to the three other imams' position. (2) If he was certain he made wudu at some point, and doubts whether he broke it thereafter, then he should consider himself having wudu', and vise versa. That means: cast the doubt away.

The second agreed upon major comprehensive legal principal is: "Certainty is not negated by doubt." 71 International University in Latin America Summary of the Unit • Wudu' will not be valid unless done with intention. • When one intends to make wudu', one says, "bismillah", washes his hands thrice, rinses his mouth and his nostrils thrice, washes his face thrice running his wet fingers through his beard if it was thick; otherwise he just wash it, washes his hands and forearms to the elbows thrice. Then he wipes his head including his ears, and finally washes his feet to the ankles thrice. Then he recites the supplication repeated right after making wudu'. • The acts of wudu' are of two divisions: Mandatory acts and preferable ones as detailed above. • It is recommended to clean the teeth using siwak (tooth-cleaning stick) or the like when the mouth taste or odor changes, when waking up and before prayer. • When performing wudu', one is permitted to wipe over leather socks and the like; one day and night for the resident and three for the traveler. • There is no clear proof that the purity becomes invalidated with the removal of the socks or turban, but in the matn such removal is said to nullify the wudu'. • And whoever wipes while traveling and then reaches his place of residence - or vice versa - he should wipe for one day only like a resident. 72 International University in Latin America • It is permissible for men to wipe on the turban that covers the entire head, except that which is usually uncovered. As for women, they can wipe on the scarf according to one of Imam Ahmad's opinions. • Being in a state of complete purity is a condition for wiping over such objects, otherwise wiping would be invalid. • It is allowable to wipe on the Band-Aid/Bandage if one didn't exceed in wearing it the part that needs to be wrapped. • The nullifiers of wudu' are seven: 1. Urination and defecation.

It is controversial whether other matters like stones and worms exiting from the private parts nullify one's wudu'. 2. Impure discharges from elsewhere in the body, if voluminous enough to be repulsing. (controversial)