3. The Rightly Guided Caliphs and some of the regional governors

examined some disputes and were in charge of the judiciary, in addition to other gubernatorial duties. They paid careful attention to dealing with disputes between people and inspecting the marketplaces.23 4. In most cities of the Muslim regions, the Rightly Guided Caliphs appointed judges, whose main job was to judge between people, in exclusion of other duties. For the first time, in a primitive form, there appeared the separation of judiciary authority from other forms of authority. In the major cities where judges were appointed alongside the governors, the governors had no authority in judicial matters. In the other cities and regions, the governors were in charge of both the judiciary and the other matters involved in governing, and they were under the supervision of the Rightly Guided Caliph.