. In 573 AH, there was a great deal of trouble between the Jews

and the masses in Baghdad, the cause of which was that a muezzin near a Jewish synagogue was insulted verbally by one of the Jews, so the Muslim insulted him back and they got into a fight. The muezzin came and complained to the court and the situation got worse. The masses got together and made a lot of noise. On Friday the masses prevented the khutbah from being given in some of the mosques, and they left straight away and plundered the market of the perfumesellers where the Jews did business, and went to the synagogue and plundered it, and the police were unable to stop them. The caliph ordered that some of the perpetrators be crucified, so at night some of the villains who were in prison and had been sentenced to death were taken out and crucified. Many of the people thought that this was because of these events, so the fitnah 1223 quieted down, praise be to Allah. 1224 The killing of the caliph's vizier ,Adud ad-Dawlah In 573 AH, the caliph's vizier 'Adud ad-Dawlah ibn Ra'ees arRu'asa' ibn al-Muslimah set out for Hajj and the people went out with him to bid him farewell. Three Batinis came to him in the guise of poor people, and they had a 'message' to give him. One of them

$alii/; ad-Deen al-Ayubi came forward to give him the message: he struck the vizier several times with his knife, then the second attacked, and then the third. They made mincemeat of him and wounded a number of people around him. All three were killed immediately. The vizier was carried back to his house and died that same day. This vizier is the one who killed the two sons of the vizier Ibn Hubayrah and executed them, so Allah sent people against him to kill him. As you treat others, so you will be treated, as a just punishment. ~And your Lord is not ever unjust to [His] servants.s (Quran 41: 46/225 Allah compensates people The year 577 AH began with al-Malik an-Nasir Salah ad-Deen staying in Cairo, regularly attending lessons of hadith. A letter came from his deputy in Syria, 'Izz ad-Deen Farrookh Shah, telling how Allah had blessed the people with many births of twins, as a compensation for what had befallen them in the previous year of widespread epidemic and death. That year Syria also experienced a great deal of rain as compensation for the drought and resultant high prices that had befallen it earlier. 1226 Salah ad-Deen puts his administrative and military affairs in order before Hattin Salah ad-Deen returned from east of the Euphrates to Damascus on 2 Rabee' I 582 CE, and was warmly welcomed by the common people and elite. The common folk were celebrating his recovery from the sickness that had generated so many rumours and a great deal of worry, and the elite were also celebrating that. As well, Salil/; ad-Deen al-Ayubi's efforts to unite the Muslims they celebrated his achievement of the goal of unifying the Muslims by uniting the countries that formed the heart of the Muslim world under the leadership of the Abbasid caliph in Iraq and the leadership of the sultan on behalf of the caliph, to rule Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Yemen and elsewhere. The first person with whom he met after his family was his senior vizier and prominent consultant, the brains behind his state and the one who ran its affairs, al-Qadi alFa<;lil.1227AI- 'Isfahani commented: The sultan met with his family in the citadel, and those who had been spreading false rumours gave up their ignorance. The situation improved and we enjoyed the company of this virtuous man. The sultan met with him (al-Qadi al-Fadil) and told him his thoughts and was comforted by his discussion with him. He visited him once and asked him to return the visit, and he discussed issues of state with him and consulted him. What did Salah ad-Deen achieve in his campaign against Mosul? What were the administrative and military procedures that he undertook after returning to Damascus to put his state in order and prepare for the great confrontation? He reached a peace deal with the Zangid ruler of Mosul, and put a stop to sermons being given in the name of the Seljuks in Mosul, and sermons were given in the name of the sultan Salah adDeen after mentioning the Abbasid caliph. The Zangid ruler of Mosul gave up to the sultan everything that lay beyond the Zab river: "land, fortresses, citadels, villages, Shahrazoor and its villages and environs, the province of Banu Qafjaq, the province of al-Qurabili, al-Bawazeej and 'Anah," in return for being permitted to keep Mosul and its environs, provided that he come under the authority of Salah ad-Deen and send his troops to join them; furthermore, the sermons and coinage were to be in the name of Salah ad_Deen.1228

SaW,! ad-Deen al-Ayubi Sermons and coinage were issued in Salah ad-Deen's name, and obedience was sworn to him in other parts of Mesopotamia and Diyarbakir, especially that which was under the control of Banu Artuq. Troops were also to be sent to help the sultan in jihad when requested, because there had been hindrances to the resolve for jihad for the sake of Allah; now these obstacles had been removed. 1229 Salah ad-Deen added Edessa and its citadel and province to the fief of Kawkaboori ibn Zayn ad-Deen 'Ali Koojak who had been the first one to support him in his operations east of the Euphrates from the outset, and because of his devotion in serving the sultan and carrying out his decrees; it was apparent that he deserved to become prominent and be rewarded. 1230He was the emir under whose control all the eastern forces were brought at the battle of Hattin.1231 The sultan abolished the illegitimate taxes throughout the land that submitted directly or indirectly to his authority. That was what the sultan always did in all countries, and he limited taxes to those that are permitted in the Shariah, namely land taxes, fees, agricultural taxes,1232 and so on. With regard to private family matters in his household and that of his uncle, he followed the same initial procedures in Aleppo and took al-'Adil with him to Damascus so as to finalize the matter with regard to final arrangements, after consulting al-Qadi al-Fadil and others. On the way, he put the affairs of Horns in order, the ruler of which, Ibn Shirkuh, had died; he appointed his son in his stead and obliged him to take care of the border city there, as well as to limit taxes to the legitimate types. Salah ad-Deen spent the rest of the year (582 AH/March to June CE) completing administrative arrangements and military preparations in Egypt and Syria. Salah ad-Deen appointed his son adh-Dhahir Ghazi as governor of Aleppo instead of his brother al-Malik al- 'Adil, the Saldl; ad-Deen al-Ayubi's efforts to unite the Muslims father of adh-Dhahir's wife, by agreement between the two brothers. He put the citadel of Aleppo under the control of the emir Bisharah and the city under the control of Shuja' ad-Deen 'Eesa ibn Blasho.1233 He summoned al-Malik al-Afdal, his eldest son, from Egypt to Damascus to appoint him as his deputy He appointed his son al- 'Azeez 'Uthman as his deputy in Egypt, and he appointed with him his son al-Malik al-' A.dil to administer the affairs of Egypt. He allocated a suitable fief with which al-' A.dil was pleased. This last appointment annoyed Taqi ad-Deen 'Umar, his nephew, who decided to head towards the Maghreb to take control of it and establish a kingdom there. This would definitely affect Salah ad-Deen's military plans, however, because Taqi ad-Deen was one of his most prominent officials as well as being a highly-placed military commander and consultant. So Salah ad-Deen sent word to him, trying to placate him. It is reported that the sultan said: No doubt the conquest of the Maghreb is important, but the conquest of Jerusalem is more important and the benefit thereof is greater, as are the interests to be served thereby, both private and public. If Taqi ad-Deen goes and takes with him our good men, then a lifetime spent in selecting these men will be wasted. If we conquer Jerusalem and the coast, we will easily acquire those other lands.1234 Then he wrote to Taqi ad-Deen ordering him to come to Syria; al-Qadi al-Fadil also wrote to him, and whatever the qadi said would be heeded: The reason for this letter is what your servant (meaning himself) heard of the letter sent by his highness (Taqi ad-Deen) seeking permission to go to the Maghreb. Your highness, what is happening? What has upset you? Yesterday you had nothing of this

Salill] ad-Deen al-Ayubi world but a little, but now Allah has given you this blessing. We are all together and there is nothing to cause distress or worry . Would this earth now become constricted for us when Allah has made it spacious? How could things reach an impasse such that we are compelled to go elsewhere? No, your highness, things have not reached that end, so where are you going? What is the point? Are we going through hardship or are our numbers too little? Or is it that we have no land to live in? Or are we penniless? How could you choose something other than what Allah has chosen for us? How could we plan for ourselves when Allah has shown us the way? How could we prefer an arid land when we are living in a fertile land? How could we decide to fight Muslims, which is forbidden, when we are called upon to fight the hostile disbelievers? 0 workers, troops and thinkers, is there any wise man among you? His highness was known for adopting sound ideas, and is aware of the reasons and consequences of these decisions. May he never be missed in our midst, may there never come days when he is not there; may there never come a day when the sun of his countenance does not shine, for that day will be counted as a night and will not be regarded as a day. 1235 How could this great emir, after all these arguments and pleas, not respond to the sultan's command? So he headed with his family and troops towards Damascus where he was met by the sultan in Marj as-Saffar on the 23rd of Sha 'ban 582 AHJ10 November 1186 CE, and they entered Damascus together. The sultan gave him Hamah and all its lands as a fiefdom and ordered him to guard the border, so he went there and remained there until further orders came to him from the sultan. With these sound arrangements, Salah ad-Deen and al-Qadi alFadil were able to organize the affairs of state from the furthest point in the east to the furthest point in the west, and began to focus on preparations for the great campaign, to which he was looking ~alaJ;.ad-Deen al-Ayubi's efforts to unite the Muslims forward. At the same time, the political situation in the Crusader kingdom was getting worse; the dispute between the barons and the king's party and supporters was reaching its climax, which motivated Count Raymond Ill, who had been deposed from the position of regent with the crowning of Guy de Lusignan, husband of the heiress to the throne, to seek a truce with Salah ad-Deen so that he would keep away from his country (Tripoli) and the land of his wife (Tiberias), according to what is mentioned in the Arabic sources. Raymond sought the protection of the sultan and became one of his followers, and the sultan accepted him, strengthened him and supported him by releasing those of his companions whom he was holding as captives, and he became very sincere towards the Muslims. The reason that prompted Raymond to make this deal was that the head of the Templars had advised King Guy to gather his forces and besiege Raymond so as to force him to surrender. The king did gather his troops, but Balian son of Barisan, ruler of Nablus, convinced him that this movement was a mistake, so the troops dispersed and he returned to Jerusalem. Salah ad-Deen remained in Damascus, waiting for a suitable opportunity to gather his troops and head towards the battlefield. The capture of a caravan coming from Egypt to Syria, and the failure of negotiations between the sultan, Reynald de Chatillon and the king to solve the problem led to both sides making preparations. The sultan wrote to the troops in Mosul, Mesopotamia, Aleppo, Hamah and Egypt, ordering them to come. The easterners and the Aleppans were to meet in Ra's al-Ma', which was the regular camp ground for ~alill). ad-Deen and the meeting point for expeditions. The Egyptians, led by his brother al-' Adil, were to march to the land of Kerak and Crac de Montreal. As for the sultan, he set out to Jasr al-Khashab and stayed there until all the troops of Damascus were gathered with him.1236

Notes 1 aI-Atheer, Ibn, At-Tdreekli al-Bdhir fid-Dawlah al-Atdbekiyah, p. 119 2 ibid. 3 al-Maqreezi, Al-Mawd'idn wal I'tibiir bi Dhikr al-Khutat wal Athlir, vol. 3, p.404 4 an-Naqar, Muharnrnad al-Hafidh, Tdreekh. Bayt al-Maqdis, p. 132 5 ibid. 6 an-Naqar op. cit., p. 132 7 'Ulwan, 'Abdullah, Salaf} ad-Deen al-Ayyoobi Batal al-Isldm as-Sdlih, p. 17 8 op. cit., p. 18 9 aI-Maqdisi op. cit., vol. 2, p. 252 10 ibid. 11 an-Naqar, Muharnrnad al-Hafiz, Tdreekli Bayt al-Maqdis, p. 133 12 aI-Hamawi, Shihab ad-Deen, Mu'jam al-Bulddn, vol. 2, p. 491 13 al-Maqdisi op. cit.; 'Ulwan, Salaf} ad-Deen, p. 20 14 'Ulwan, Salaf} ad-Deen, p. 21 15 'Ulwan, Salaf} ad-Deen, p. 21; Zakkar, Suhayl, al-Mawsoo'ab ash-Shdmilah, vol. 24, p. 142 16 'Ulwan, Saldi; ad-Deen, p. 21 17 Shibili, Mawsoo'ah at-Tdreekli al-Islami, vol. 5, p. 187 18 Ibn Tagharri op. cit., vol. 6, p. 5; Ibn Wa~il op. cit., vol. 1, p. 8 19 aI-Maqdisi op. cit., vol. 1, p. 48 20 aI-Maqdisi op. cit. vol. 1, p. 48, al-Fikr as-Sooqi al-Ayyoobi, p. 82 21 Ibn Shaddad, Baha' ad-Deen, an-Nawiidir as-Sultdniyah, p. 6; al-Fikr asSooqi al-Ayyoobi, p. 82 22 Shahbah, Taqi ad-Deen, al-Kawdkib ad-Durriyah fis-Seerah an-Nooriyah, p. 23 al-Fikr as-Sooqi al-Ayyoobi, p. 83 24 ibid. 25 al-'Urayni, Ash-Sharq al-Adnd fil-Usoor al-Wus{a al-Ayoobiyoon, p. 54 26 al-Fikr as-Sooqi al-Ayyoobi, p. 83 27 al-Fikr as-Sooqi al-Ayyoobi. 28 aI-Muhtadi, 'Ablah, Al-Quds Tdreekh. wa Haddrah, p. 182 29 'Ulwan, 'Abdullah, Salaf} ad-Deen, p. 22 Notes 30 op. cit., p. 23 31 Shabaro, 'Isam, as-Saldteen fil-Mashriq al- 'Arabi; al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 139 32 op. cit., p. 140 33 'Ulwan op. cit., p. 139 34 lbn Shaddaad, Seerat as-Sultan an-Niisir SaW; ad-Deen al-Ayyoobi, p. 58 35 op. cit., p. 59 36 ibid. 37 ibid. 38 op. cit., p. 60 39 op. cit., p. 61 40 lbn Shaddiid, p. 61 41 It seems that ~aliil;t ad-Deen suffered from high blood pressure. 42 The French: i.e., the Latin Crusaders; most of the first and second Crusader campaigns were composed of French troops. 43 King of England: i.e., Richard the Lionhearted. 44 lbn Shaddad, p. 64 45 lbn Shaddad, p. 66 46 ibid. 47 op. cit., p. 69; 'Ulwan, Saldh. ad-Deen, p. 143 48 Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, quoted in 'Ulwan, Salal;z ad-Deen, p. 143 49 op. cit., p. 144 50 an-Nahj al-Maslook fee Siydsat al-Mulook, p. 103 51 ibid. 52 lbn Shaddad, p. 73 53 The personal standard or flag of Salah ad-Deen was yellow, and in the middle of it was a red eagle. 54 lbn Shaddad, p. 74 55 ibid. 56 al-Akhldq bayna at-Tab' wat-Tatabbu', p. 157 57 al-Bukhari, no. 3040 58 al-Bukhari, no. 6034 59 lbn Shaddad, p. 70 60 ibid. 61 Taqqoosh, Muhammad, Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr, p. 221 62 Taqqoosh, Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Biltid al-Shdm, p. 221 63 Mahmood, Muhammad, al-Fatb al-Qasiy fil-Fath al-Qudsi, p. 629 64 lbn Shaddad op. cit., p. 49 65 Taqqoosh, p. 222 66 ibid.

$ald/:tad-Deen al-Ayubi 67 Ibn Shaddad, p. 71 68 op. cit., p. 76 69 Ibn Shaddad, p. 79 70 Surrab, Muhammad, Bayt al-Maqdis wal-Masjid al-Aqsii, p. 112 71 al-Akhldq bayna at-Tab' wat-Tatabbu', p. 138 72 Zakkfir, vol. 24, p. 449 73 Zakkar, vol. 24, p. 449 74 Ibn Shaddad, p. 85 75 Ibn Shaddad, p. 86 76 Richard the Lionhearted 77 Ibn Shaddad, p. 88 78 'Ulwan, Salal; ad-Deen al-Ayyoobi, p. 149 79 al-Jurjani, at-Ta 'reefiit, p. 111 80 Ibn al-Qayyim, Tahdheeb Maddrij as-Sdlikeen, vol. 2, p. 697-699 81 Ibn Shaddad, p. 91 82 ibid. 83 Ibn Shaddad, p. 92 84 Ibid. 85 'Ulwan, p. 151 86 op. cit., 93, 94 87 al-Akhldq bayna at-Tab' wat-Tatabbu', p. 197 88 ibid. 89 al-Albani, Saheen al-Jdmi', vol. 1, p. 992; as-Silsilah as-Saheehah, no. 143 90 Ibn Shaddad, p. 82 91 op. cit., p. 83 92 Mangonel: a wooden catapult machine with two uprights, between which was a long arm 93 Ibn Shaddad, p. 84 94 Ibid. 95 Ibn Wasil. Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, p. 211; Ibraheem, Mahrnood, Hatteen bayna Akhbiir Mu'arrikheeha wa Sha'r Mu'iisireeha, p. 46 96 Ibn Katheer, Isma'eel, Tafseer Ibn Katheer, vol. 2, p. 73 97 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawddir as-Sultdniyah wal-Mahiisin al-Yoosufiyah, p. 63 98 Taqqoosh, Ttireekn al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd ash-Sham, p. 225 99 Al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh, quoted in: Taqqoosh op. cit., p. 225 lOO Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawddir as-Sultdniyah wal-Mahdsin al-Yoosufiyah, pp. 352-353 101 da 'wah: disseminating the teachings of Islam and calling people to accept and embrace Islam Notes 102 Badawi, 'Abd al-Majeed Abul-Futooh, at-Tdreekb as-Siyiisi wal-Fikri, p. 103 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawiidir as-Suliiiniyali wal-Mahdsin al-Yoosufiyah, p. 7 104 Badawi op. cit., p. 246 105 op. cit., p. 233 106 ibid. 107 Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 21 108 Badawi, p. 234 109 Ibn Khallikan, Wafeeylit al-A 'ylin wa Anbli' az-Zamlin, vol. 6, p. 206 110 al-Maqreezi, Taqi ad-Deen, Al-Mawd'idb wal l'tibiir bi Dhikr al-Khutat wal Athlir , vol. 1, pp. 427, 428 III Badawi, p. 235 112 al-Maqreezi, op. cit., vo!. 2, p. 366 113 op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 365, 371 114 op. cit., p. 375 115 Badawi, p. 236 116 ibid. 117 Husn al-Muhddarah, vol. 1, p. 480 118 al-Maqreezi, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 365 119 Zaytoon, Mahmood, al-lflifidh as-Salafi, p. 140 120 Inns: Maharis (sing. Mahras~ a special place for ascetics, travellers and the poor. See: Badawi, at-Tiireekli as-Siyiisi wal-Fikri, p. 237 121 Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 15 122 op. cit., p. 16, 17 123 al-Maqdisi op. cit., quoted in: Badawi, at-Tlireekh as-Siydsi wal-Fikri, p. 124 Husn al-Muhddarah, vol. 2, p. 57 125 Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 22 126 al-Maqreezi, op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 415, 416 127 ibid, VO!.2, p. 415 128 Seerat al-Qiihirah; Badawi, p. 240 129 Ad-Darts fee Tfireekh al-Maddris, vol. 1, p. 579 130 Badawi, p. 241 131 Ad-Diiris fee Tlireekh al-Maddris, vol. 1, p. 19 132 Badawi, p. 241 133 ibid., quoting from Ibn al-Jawzi, Mir'dt az-Zamdn fee Tlireekh al-A 'ylin 134 ibid. 135 ibid. 136 Rihlat lbn Jubayr, p. 220

$atal:tad-Deen al-Ayubi 137 op. cit., p. 223 138 A'ldm an-Nubuld' bi Tdreekn Halab ash-Shahbd', vol. 4, pp. 355-356 139 Badawi, p. 243 140 Ibn Khallikan, vol. 6, pp. 87, 89 141 Ibn wssu, vol. 4, pp. 311-312 142 Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 25 143 Ibn Shaddad, Seerat Saldh. ad-Deen, p. 9; Badawi, at-Tdreekb as-Siydsi wal-Fikri, p. 243 144 Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 220 145 ibid.; Badawi, op. cit., p. 243 146 Husn al-Muhddarah, vol. 2, p. 506 147 adh-Dhahabi, vol. 4, pp. 355, 356; ai-Tdreekli as-Siyiisi wal-Fikri, p. 244 148 al-Maqdisi op. cit., quoted in: Badawi, al-Tdreekli as-Siydsi wal-Fikri, p. 149 Tabaqdt ash-Shdfi'iyah, vol. 4, p. 226 ISO Ibn Shaddad, Seerat Sala/:! ad-Deen, p. 10; Badawi, at-Tdreekli as-Siydsi wal-Fikri, p. 245 151 Badawi, at-Tdreekli as-Siyasi wal-Fikri, p. 245 152 al-Maqreezi op. cit., vol. 2, p. 265 153 Husn al-Muhiidarah, vol. 2, p. 33, 34; Badawi, at-Tdreekb as-Siydsi walFikri, p. 245 154 Badawi, p. 245 155 ad-Ddris fee Tdreekn al-Maddris, vol. 1, pp. 19, 21 156 Badawi, p. 246 157 ibid. 158 Shu'bat al-'Aqeedah bayna Abil-lfasan wal-Muntasibeen 'ilayhi, p. 21 159 adh-Dhahabi, vol. 15, p. 86 160 op. cit., vol. 15, p. 87 161 op. cit., vol. 15, p. 86 162 Qadi 'Iyad, Tarteeb al-Maddrik, vol. 5, p. 24 163 al-Mahmood, Abdurrahman, Mawqif Ibn Taymiyah min al- 'Ashli 'irah, vol. 1, p. 339 164 as-Subki, Tabaqdt ash-Shiifi'iyah, vol. 3, p. 347 165 Mawqif Ibn Taymiyah min al-tAshd'irah, vol. 1, p. 340 166 Shu 'bat al- 'Aqeedah bayna Abul-Hasan al- 'Ash 'ari wal-Muntasimeen 'ilayhi, p. 36 167 adh-Dhahabi, vol. 11, p. 174 168 Shu 'bat al- 'Aqeedah bayna Abul-lfasan al- 'Ash 'ari wal-Muntasimeen 'ilayhi, p. 42 Notes 169 Ibn Taymiyah, Al-Fatawii al-Kubrii, vo!. 5, p. 556 and vo!. 3, p. 103 170 Shu'bat al-'Aqeedah bayna Abul-Hasan al-Ash'ari wal-Muntasimeen 'ilayhi, p.42 17l op. cit., p. 43 172 Shu 'bat al- 'Aqeedah bayna Abul-Hasan al-Ash 'ari wal-Muntasimeen 'ilayhi, p.44 173 Ibn Taymiyah op. cit., vo!. 13, pp. 131, 154 174 Muwdfaqab Sareeh al-Ma'qool li $al;eel; al-Manqool, vo!. 2, p. 4, 5 175 Majmoo' al-Fatawa, vo!. 12, p. 368 176 Shu'bat al- 'Aqeedah bayna Abul-Hasan al-Ash 'ari wal-Muntasimeen 'ilayhi, p.45 177 op. cit., p. 45 178 ibid 179 Ibn Taymiyah, op. cit., vo!. 6, p. 53 180 Ijtimd' al-Juyoosb al-Isldmiyah, p. 112 181 adh-Dhahabi, vo!. 15, p. 86 182 az-Zubaydi, al-Murtada, Itiihdf as-Sddan al-Muttaqeen, p. 48 183 Jald' al-'Aynayn, p. 213 184 Ghdyat al-Amdni fir-Radd 'ala al-Buhtdni, vo!. 2, p. 408 185 See al-Muntaqah by adh-Dhahabi, commentary by Muhibb ad-Deen, no. 2, p.41 186 Shu'bat al-'Aqeedah bayna Abul-Hasan al-Ash'ari wal-Muntasimeen 'ilayhi, p.49 187 al-Fatdwa, vo!. 3, p. 288 188 adh-Dhahabi, Tadhkirah, vo!. 2, p. 709 189 adh-Dhahabi, Siyiir A'ldm al-Nubald', p. 97 190 Shu 'bat al- 'Aqeedah bayna Abul-Hasan al-Ash 'ari wal-Muntasimeen 'ilayhi, p.50 191 Ijtimd' al-Juyoosb al-lsldmiyah, p. 97 192 Ibn Katheer, al-Biddyah wan-Nihdyah, vo!. 11, p. 131 193 Shaykh Hammad al-Ansari wrote a book in which he affirmed that alAsh 'ari came back to the madh-hab of the salaf. 194 Tabyeen Kadhib al-Muftari, p. 28 195 Ibn Darbas, Risdlat adh-Dhabb 'an Abil-Hasan al-Ash'ari p. 107, ed. Dr. 'Ali Na@sir al-Faqeehi 196 Mukhtasar al- 'Aluw, p. 239 197 Ijtimii' al-Juyoosn al-Isldmiyah, p. 113 198 ad-Deebiij al-Mudhahhab, p. 195

Saldh.ad-Deen al-Ayubi 199 Shu 'bat al- 'Aqeedah bayna Abul-Hasan aI-Ash 'ari wal-Muntasimeen 'ilayhi, p.53 200 Tabyeen Kadhib al-Muftari, p. 116 201 an-Nadawi, Abul-Hasan, Rijdl al-Fikr wad-Da 'wah [il-Isldm, vol. 1, pp. 143, 144 202 an-Nadawi op. cit., p. 5 203 op. cit., vol. 1, p. 147 204 op. cit., vol. 1, p. 148 205 Tabyeen Kadhib al-Muftari, p. 136 206 qiyds: analogy: a method of deriving rulings in jurisprudence 207 Successive narration (mutawCitir) is one conveyed by narrators so numerous that it is not conceivable that they have agreed upon an untruth, thus the narration is accepted as unquestionable in its veracity. (Editor) 208 an-Nadawi, vol. 1, p. 150 209 ibid. 210 mujtahid: a person qualified to exercise ijtihdd, which means to use one's knowledge of the Quran and the Sunnah to derive rulings on matters not specifically mentioned in either source of Islamic law 211 Tabyeen Kadhib al-Muftari 212 an-Nadawi, vol. 1, p. 150 213 Ibn Khallikan, Wafiyat al-A 'yan, vol. 1, p. 412 214 fitnah: lit. trial, temptation; discord (sown) between Muslims 215 These are names of two angels. 216 An issue concerning which there was a lengthy debate among the scholars. 217 al-Khamees, Muhammad, I'tiqdd Ahl as-Sunnah As-luib al-hadith Sharb lumlah ma Hakdhu 'anhum Abul-Hasan aI-Ash 'ari wa Qarraruhu fee Maqdldtihi, p. 11-17l. Dr. al-Khamees undertook a study of these basic principles. 218 Ibn Khallikan, WafiyCit al-A 'yiin, vol. 1, p-. 412 219 an-Nadawi, Rijdl al-Fikr wad-dawah, vol. 1, p. 151 220 Sayyid, Tdreekh. Misr al-lsldmiyalt Zaman Saliueen Rani Ayyoob, p. 150 221 op. cit., p. 136, 163 222 Badawi, at-Tdreekli as-Siyiisi wal-Fikri, p. 244 223 Badawi, at-Tdreekli as-Siyiisi wal-Fikri, p. 248 224 Ibn Shaddad, Seerat $ala/J ad-Deen, p. 10 225 al-Haydt al- 'Ilmiyah fee Misr wash-Sham, p. 6 226 Badawi, at-Tdreekli as-Siydsi wal-Fikri lil-Madh-hab as-Sunni, p. 251 227 Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 73; Sayyid op. cit., p. 183 228 Jamal Saroor, An-Nufoodh al-Fiuimi fee Jazeerat al- 'Aran, p. 183 Notes 229 Sayyid, p. 183 230 ibid. 231 ibid. 232 Ibn al-Jawzi, Mir'dt az-Zamdn, vol. 8, p. 213; Badawi, at-Tdreekli as-Siydsi wal-Fikri, p. 251 233 aJ-Maqdisi op. cit., vol. 2, p. 48 234 Husn al-Muhddarah, vol. 2, p. 20; Tabaqdt ash-Shdfi'iyah, vol. 4, p. 341 235 Badawi, p. 252 236 Adh-Dhahab al-Masbook, quoted in: Sayyid, p. 203 237 Sayyid, p. 204 238 Ibn aJ-Jawzi op. cit., vol. 8, p. 250; Sayyid, p. 204 239 Ibn aJ-Jawzi, vol. 8, p. 278; Sayyid, p. 204 240 Ibn al-Jawzi, vol. 8, pp. 524 & 611; Sayyid, p. 205 241 Sayyid, p. 205 242 Yoosuf, vol. 6, p. 105; Sayyid, p. 205 243 Sayyid, Tiireekh. Misr al-Isldmiyah, p. 206; Rihlat lbn Jubayr, pp. 157-158 244 Sayyid, Tdreekn Misr al-Isldmiyah, p. 206 245 al-Jawzi, Mar'iit az-Zamiin, vol. 8, p. 338; Sayyid, Tdreekb Misr allsldmiyah, p. 207 246 Sayyid, Tdreekli Misr al-Isldmiyah, p. 207; Rihlat lbn Jubayr, p. 30-31 247 op. cit., p. 207 248 Sayyid, p. 208 249 ibid. 250 op. cit., p. 209 251 Ril}lat lbn Jubayr, p. 73; Sayyid, p. 210 252 Rihlat lbn Jubayr, p. 73; Sayyid, p. 210 253 Rihlat lbn Jubayr, p. 74 254 Sayyid, p. 210 255 ibid. 256 Shams ad-Deen, Muhammad Husayn, Subl: al-A'shd fee Sirui 'at al-Inshd', vol. 1, p. 59, 61; Sayyid, p. 210 257 Ibn al-Jawzi, vol. 8, p. 415, 416 258 Rihlat lbn Jubayr, p. 38-53 259 Ibn al-Atheer op. cit., p. 158; Sayyid op. cit., p. 212 260 Sayyid, p. 212 261 Ibn Wa~il, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, pp. 127 &132 262 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawddir as-Sultdniyah, quoted in: Sayyid, p. 213 263 al-Tmad, al-Fath, p. 191; Sayyid, p. 213 264 Rihlat lbn Jubayr, p. 80

$alii/:tad-Deen al-Ayubi 265 lbn al-Jawzi, vo!. 8, p. 388; Sayyid, p. 213 266 lbn Shaddad, an-Nawddir as-Sultiiniyah; quoted in: Sayyid, p. 226 267 adh-Dhahab al-Masbook, p. 70-73; Sayyid, p. 227 268 Sayyid, p. 227 269 adh-Dhahab al-Masbook, p. 76-79 270 Sayyid, p. 232 271 ibid. 272 op. cit., p. 233 273 Sayyid, Tiireekli Misr al-Isldmiyah, p. 181 274 op. cit., p. 53-77 275 op. cit., p. 75 276 op. cit., p. 77 277 op. cit., p. 78 278 Sayyid, p. 75 279 op. cit., p. 77 280 op. cit, p. 412-413 281 al-Maqreezi, Taqi ad-Deen, Al-Mawd'idh wal l'tibdr bi Dhikr al-Khutat wal Athfir, vo!. 2, p. 341; Badawi, at-Tdreekli as-Siydsi wal-Fikri, p. 254 282 Tdreekh. ad-Dawlah al-Fiitimiyah fil-Maghrib wa Misr wa Sooriya wa Bildd al- 'Arab, p. 218 283 al-Maqreezi op. cit. , vo!. 2, p. 341; Badawi, p. 254 284 al-Maqreezi, vo!. 2, p. 341; Badawi, p. 254 285 al-Maqreezi, vo!. 2, p. 341; Badawi, p. 254 286 op. cit., vo!. 2, pp. 341, 342 287 Op. cit., vo!. 2, p. 343; Badawi, p. 255 288 Tahdheer al-Muslimeen min al-Ibtidd' wal-bid'ah fid-Deen, p. 25 289 Badawi, pp. 255-256 Midmdr al-Haqii'Lq, pp. 62-65; Athar Juhood Sala]; ad-De en atTarbawiyah fee Taghyeer Waqi' al-Mujtama' al-Masri, p. 82 291 Athar Juhood Salfi]; ad-Deen at-Tarbawiyah fee Taghyeer Waqi' alMujtama' al-Masri, p. 83 292 al-Maqdisi, vo!. 2, p. 178 293 al-Qalqashandi, Sub]; al-A'shd, vo!. 3, pp. 144, 148 294 op. c it., vo!. 3, pp. 144, 148; Athar Juhood Sala]; ad-De en at-Tarbawiyah fee Taghyeer Waqi' al-Mujtama' al-Masri, p. 83 295 ibid. 296 as-Sallabi, 'A~r ad-Dawlah. az-Zankiyah, p. 249; Khaleel, 'Imad ad-Deen, Noor ad-Deen Mahmood: ar-Rajul wat-Tajrubah, p. 249 297 lbn Shaddad, Seerat Salfi]; ad-Deen, p. 256 Notes 298 Ibn Shaddad op. cit., p. 13, 28 299 Badawi op. cit., p. 256 300 al-Kaylani, Majid 'Arsan, Hiikadha Dhahara feel SalalJ ad-Deen, p. 262 301 adh-Dhahabi, Siydr A 'lam an-Nubald', vo!. 21, p. 339 302 ibid. 303 ibid. 304 adh-Dhahabi op. cit., vo!. 21, p. 340 305 Op. cit., vo!. 21, p. 342 306 ibid. 307 ibid. 308 ibid. 309 adh-Dhahabi, vo!. 21, p. 343 310 al-Maqdisi op. cit., vo!. 2, p. 241 311 Shakeel, Hadiyah Dajani, al-Qiidi al-Fiidil 'Abd ar-Raheem al-Baysdni, p. 312 Shakeel op. cit., p. 125 313 ibid. 314 ibid. 315 op. cit., p. 126 316 Shakeel op. cit., p. 126 317 op. cit., p. 127 318 op. cit., p. 129 319 Shakeel op. cit., pp. 130-133 320 op. cit., p. 134 321 an-Nadhm al-Mdliyah fee Misr Zaman al-Ayyoobiyeen, pp. 80-93 322 Shakeel op. cit., p. 135 323 ibid. 324 al-Maqreezi op. cit., vo!. 2, p. 364 325 Shakeel, p. 136 326 al-Maqreezi, Itti'ii: al-Hunafa', vo!. 3, p. 317 327 al-Maqreezi, ltti'ii: al-Hunafii' bi Akhbdr al-A'immali al-Fiiiimiyeen alKhulafa', vo!. 3, p. 317 328 op. cit., vo!. 3, p. 318 329 Shakeel, p. 137 330 al-Maqreezi op. cit., vo!. 3, pp. 325-326 331 op. cit., vo!. 3, p. 325 332 Shakeel, p. 137 333 al-Maqreezi, Al-Mawd'idli wal l'tibiir bi Dhikr al-Khutat wal Athlir, vo!. 1, pp. 431-432, p. 490

$alli/J ad-Deen al-Ayubi 334 Kitiib ar-Rawdatayn fee Akhbdr ad-Dawlatayn an-Nooriyah was-Saldhiyah, quoted in: Shakeel op. cit., p. 139 335 Shakeel, p. 139 336 al-Maqreezi op. cit., vol. 2, p. 266 337 Shakeel, p. 141 338 Shakeel, p. 157 339 op. cit., p. 159 340 Ibn Katheer, Al-Bidayan wan-Nihiiyah, quoted in: Naqli op. cit., p. 132 341 Ibn Tagharri op. cit., vol. 6, p. 157 342 al-Maqreezi op. cit., vol. 2, p. 366; Naqli op. cit., p. 132 343 Ibn Khallikan op. cit., vol. 7, pp. 202-203 344 Ibn al-Atheer, Al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh, vol. 10, p. 79 345 Ibn Wasil op. cit., vol. 2, p. 68; Shakeel op. cit., p. 349 346 maqiimdt: a literary genre of rhymed prose, noted for its flowery and ornate style 347 Shakeel, pp. 349-350 348 op. cit., p. 350 349 Shakeel op. cit., p. 344 350 op. cit., p. 344 351 op. cit., p. 345 352 Ibn Khallikan, Wafeeyat al-A 'yan wa Anbd' az-Zamdn, vol. 7, p. 205; Shakeel, p. 345 353 Shakeel, p. 345 354 al-Maqdisi op. cit., quoted in: Shakeel, p. 346 355 Shakeel, p. 346 356 Shakeel, p. 347 357 ibid. 358 ibid. 359 ibid. 360 al-Maqdisi, quoted in: Shakeel, p. 347 361 AI-Kawthar: the name of a river in paradise, the banks of which are made of pearls 362 ibid. 363 al-Maqdisi, quoted in: Shakeel, p. 348 364 Ibn Khallikan, vol. 1, p. 255; Salih, Hasan, al-lfafidh Abuat-Ttihir asSalaji, p. 16 365 adh-Dhahabi, Shams ad-Deen, Siydr A'ldm an-Nubald'; quoted in: Salih, Hasan, - lfajidh Abu at-Tdhir as-Salaji, p. 16 366 SiiliJ:t, p. 96 - Notes 367 ~aJ.ii).,p. 97 368 'A~im: Abu Bakr 'A~im ibn Abi an-Nujood (d. 127 AH) - Ibn Khallikan, vol. 2, p. 224 369 Harnzah: Hamzah ibn Habeeb ibn 'Amarah who was known as az-Zayydt 370 Qanoon: 'Eesa ibn Wardan az-Zarqi who was known as Qanoon, the Quran reciter of Madinah 371 Qunbul: QunbuI 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn Khalid aI-Makki, who was head of the police force in Makkah 372 Salih, p. 99 373 ~aJ.ii).,p. 100 374 op. cit., p. 101 375 al-I'ldn bi Tawbeekh li man dhamma at-Tdreekh, p. 294 376 ~aIii)., p. 104 377 ash-Shayyal, A'ldm al-Iskandariyah, p. 137 378 ~aJ.ii).,p. 105 379 Ibn Khallikan, vol.2, p. 76 380 Tdreekli ad-Dawlah al-Fiuimiyali fee Misr, p. 183 381 al-lfarakah al-Fikriyah fee Misr, p. 158 382 Tdreekli ad-Dawlah al-Fdtimiyah, p. 184 383 ~aJ.ii).,p. 106 384 op. cit., p. 107 385 Ibn ws,u vol. 1, p. 56 386 ~aJ.ii).,p. 60 387 a1-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: ~aJ.ii).op. cit., p. 61 388 ~iiIii)., p. 61 389 op. cit., p. 62 390 'Abd al-Wahhab, Hasan, Tdreekli al-Masdjid al-Athariyah, p. 67 391 ~aJ.ii).,p. 62 392 Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 43 393 ~iiIii)., p. 63 394 op. cit., p. 114 395 Al-Hanbali, Ibn al- 'Imad, Shadhariit adh-Dhahab, vol. 4, p. 255 396 ~aJ.ii).,p. 118 397 op. cit., p. 119 398 adh-Dhahabi, Siydr A'ldm an-Nubald', quoted in: ~aJ.ii).op. cit., p. 128 399 ~aJ.ii).,p. 130 400 op. cit., p. 130 401 op. cit., p. 132 402 op. cit., p. 134

$altll:tad-Deen al-Ayubi 403 op. cit., p. 135 404 Salih, p. 136 405 SiiliJ:!,p. 136 406 ibid. 407 al-Maqreezi, Sulook ild Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulook, quoted in: Salih, p. 137 408 Ibn Shaddad, An-Nawddir as-Sultdniyah; p. 7; SiiliJ:!,p. 138 409 Salih, p. 138 410 op. cit., p. 139 411 op. cit., p. 170 412 Salih, p. 173 413 SiiliJ:!,p. 254 This was one of the ancient gates of the city of Alexandria, which was located on the west side. 415 Ibn Khallikan, vo!. 1, p. 221 416 al-Maqdisi op. cit., quoted in: SaliJ:!, p. 255 417 SiiliJ:!,p. 255 418 adh-Dhahabi op. cit., vo!. 21, p. 122 419 adh-Dhahabi, vo!. 21, p. 123 420 Farhoon, Ibn, ad-Deebiij al-Mudhahhab, p. 95 421 al-Maqdisi, vo!. 2, p. 24 422 Harun al-Rashid, the Abbasid caliph 423 al-Maqdisi, vo!. 2, pp. 23, 24 424 Ash-Shayyal op. cit., p. 119 425 Ibn Khallikan, vo!. 2, p. 256; Nukat al-Hamydn, p. 185 426 Ash-Shayyal, p. 120 427 op. cit., p. 120 428 op. cit., p. 121 429 Adh-Dhahabi, vo!. 21, p. 122; As-Sunnah an-Nabawiyah fil-Qarn as-Stidis, p.677 430 Al-Asbiib wal-A'miil allati Yudii'af bihd ath-Thawiib, p. 74 431 op. cit., p. 74 432 adh-Dhahabi op. cit., vo!. 21, p. 126 433 as-Sallabi, 'A$r ad-Dawlah az-Zankiyah; p. 241 434 as-Sallabi, 'A$r ad-Dawlah az-Zankiyah, p. 242; Ibn Khallikan, p. 242 435 Ibn al-Jawzi, Mir'iit az-Zamdn fee Tareekb al-A 'yan, vol. 8, p. 283; asSallabi op. cit., p. 243 436 Jawdah, Sadiq, Al-Maddris al- 'Asrooniyah fee Bildd ash-Shdm, p. 29 437 al-Maqreezi, as-Sulook, quoting from Jawdah, op. cit., p. 29 438 Ibn Wa~il, vo!. 2, p. 50; Jawdah, op. cit., p. 29 Notes 439 Jawdah, Sadiq, p. 31 440 op. cit., p. 34 441 Ibn Wa~il, vol. 2, p. 50; Jawdah, p. 34 442 al-Maqdisi op. cit., vol. 1, p. 231; Jawdah, p. 35 443 op. cit., vol. 1, p. 231; op. cit, p. 35 444 op. cit., vol. 1, p. 231; op. cit, p. 35 445 Ibn Khallikan, vol. 3, p. 163; Jawdah, p. 36 446 Jawdah, p. 36 447 Jawdah, p. 37 448 Ibn Wasil vol. 2, p. 50; Jawdah, p. 37 449 al-Isfahani, 'Imad ad-Deen, Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, p. 113; Jawdah, p. 39 450 Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, quoted in: Jawdah op. cit., p. 39 451 Ibn Tagharri op. cit., vol. 6, p. 109; Jawdah, p. 122 452 Tabaqiit ash-Shdfi'iyah, vol. 7, p. 132; Jawdah, p. 122 453 Jawdah, p. 122 454 Kharreedat al-Qasr, Shu'arii' ash-Sham vol. 2, p. 351; Jawdah, p. 122 455 Jawdah op. cit., p. 123 456 ibid. 457 ibid. 458 op. cit., p. 124 459 ibid. 460 op. cit., p. 124 461 ibid. 462 op. cit., p. 126; Ibn Tagharri, vol. 6, p. 110 463 Jawdah, p. 128 464 al-Maqreezi, as-Sulook, vol. 1, pp. 63-64 465 NaqIi, Asiya, Dawr al-Fuqahd' wal- 'Ulamd' fil-Jihdd didd as-Saleebiyeen khildl al-Harakah. as-Saleebiyah, p. 135 466 Ibn Khallikan, vol. 3, p. 54; Jawdah, p. 39 467 Ibn Wasil, vol. 2, p. 51; Nukat al-' Umydn, p. 60 468 Ibn Khallikan, vol. 3, p. 54; Jawdah, p. 41 469 Ibn wssu, vol. 2, pp. 67-68; Jawdah, p. 41 470 Jawdah, p. 41 471 adh-Dhahabi op. cit., vol. 21, p. 129 472 Jawdah, p. 192 473 Ibn Khallikiin, vol. 3, p. 497; Tabaqdt ash-Shdfa'iyah, vol. 7, p. 255 474 NaqIi op. cit., p. 123 475 Ibn al-Atheer, At-Tdreekk al-Biihir fid-Dawlah al-Atdbikiyah. bil-Mawsil, p. $ald/:zad-Deen al-Ayubi 476 Naqli op. cit., p. 124 477 Dawr al-t Ulamii' fee I~la/:lal-Mujtama' Zaman al-lfuroob as-Saleebiyah, p. 478 Naqli, p. 124 479 al-Maqdisi op. cit., quoted in Naqli op. cit., p. 126 480 Naqli, p. 127 481 Ibn wssu, vo!. 2, pp. 168-169 482 Naqli, p. 128 483 op. cit., p. 129 484 Ibn Khallikan, vo!. 3, p. 498 485 Ibn Wasil, vo!. 2, pp. 59-60 486 al-Maqdisi op. cit., quoted in Naqli op. cit., p. 125 487 Knights Hospital1er: a Christian military religious order, of French origin 488 Naqli, p. 125 489 Ibn Khallikan, vo!. 3, p. 497 490 Ibn Khallikan, vo!. 3, pp. 431-436 491 Ibn Wasil, vo!. 1, pp. 243-244 492 Naqli, p. 130 493 Ibn Khallikiin, vo!. 2, p. 530 494 al-Maqreezi, As-Sulook, vo!. 1, pp. 74-75; Naqli op. cit., p. 130 495 Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vo!. 1, pp. 244-245 496 Ibn al-Atheer, Al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh, quoted in Naqli, p. 131 497 al-Maqdisi op. cit., vo!. 1, pp. 219-224 498 Naqli, p. 131 499 The name of a prominent Companion of the Prophet (*) [Editor] 500 Ibn Rajab, Zayn ad-Deen, Adh-Dhayl 'ala Tabaqiit al-Handbilali -, vo!. 1, pp. 437-438 501 al-Maqdisi, quoted in: al-Kaylani op. cit., p. 282 502 al-Maqdisi op. cit., quoted in: al-Kaylani, p. 283 503 al-Kaylani, p. 283 504 al-Maqdisi op. cit., quoted in: al-Kaylani, p. 284 505 al-Kaylani, p. 284 506 Ibn Khallikan, vo!. 2, p. 530 507 adh-Dhahabi, Siydr A'lam an-Nubald', vo!. 21, p. 345 508 adh-Dhahabi op. cit., vo!. 21, p. 346 509 'Asi, Husayn, al- 'Imdd al-lsfahdni, p. 21 510 op. cit., pp. 21-22 511 Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, p. 52; al-'Asi op. cit., p. 24 512 Irshdd al-Adeeb, vo!. 7, p. 85 Notes 513 Ibn Khallikan, vol. 5, p. 152 514 The translation of the phrase 'al-Barq ash-Shdmi'; which is from the title of al-Isfahani's famous book (Translator) 515 al-Maqdisi op. cit., quoted in al- 'Asi op. cit., p. 26 516 al-'Asi op. cit., p. 27 517 adh-Dhahabi op. cit., vol. 21, p. 204 518 as-Subki, Tabaqdt, vol. 7, p. 15; adh-Dhahabi op. cit., vol. 21, p. 205 519 Zakkar, al-Mawsoo 'ah ash-Shiimilah fee Tiireekn al-Huroob as-Saleebiyah, vol. 25, pp. 427-428 520 mizr: a brewed (alcoholic) drink made from corn, or it was said, from barley or wheat. 521 adh-Dhahabi, vol. 21, p. 207 522 ibid. 523 ibid. 524 Naqli, p. 138 525 Ibn Shaddad op. cit., p. 7; Naqli, p. 138 526 Naqli, p. 138 527 op. cit., p. 139 'Ulwan, 'Abdullah, Salal} ad-Deen al-Ayyoobi Batal al-Isldm a$-Salil}, p. 529 'Ulwan op. cit., p. 176 530 'Ulwan op. cit., p. 177 531 ibid. 532 Salirn, 'Abd al- 'Azeez, Al-Funoon al-Isldmiyah fil- 'A~r al-Ayyoobi, vol. 1, p.54 533 Salim op. cit., vol. 1, p. 55 534 Salim, vol. 1, p. 55 535 op. cit., vol. 2, p. 139 536 'Umrdn al-Qdhirali wa Khutatihd fee 'Ahd Salal} ad-Deen, pp. 227-333 537 op. cit., pp. 249-252 538 Salim, vol. 2, p. 143 539 Tanees is of the most beautiful cities; it is an island near the sea in Egypt, between Farma and Darnietta. 540 Salim, vol. 21, p. 145 541 op. cit., vol. 2, p. 146 542 op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 146-148 543 jizyah: a tax levied on the people of the Scriptures when they are under the protection of a Muslim government; it is in lieu of the alms tax paid by Muslims _________________l

$aliilJad-Deen al-Ayubi 544 $alii/:t ad-Deen al-Fiiris al-Mujiihid wal-Malik az-Zdhid, p. 388 545 ibid. 546 ibid. 547 dhimmi: protected or covenanted people; non-Muslims who must pay the jizyah in lieu of zakah 548 $alii/:t ad-Deen al-Fiiris al-Mujdhid wal-Malik az-Zdhid, p. 389 549 ibid. 550 Taqqoosh, Tiireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Mi.V wa Bildd ash-Sham, p. 214 551 'Abd ar-Razzaq, 'Abdullah, al-Mustashfaydt al-Isldmiyah, p. 236 552 Tiireekh al-Bimdristiindt fil-Isldm, p. 76-77 553 'Abd ar-Razzaq op. cit., p. 236 554 ibid. 555 'Abd ar-Razzaq, p. 237 556 op. cit., p. 337 557 op. cit., p. 338 558 op. cit., p. 339 559 op. cit., p. 250 560 op. cit., pp. 251-253 561 op. cit., p. 255 562 'Atiyah, Jameel, Tandheem Sind'at at-Tibb Khildl Usoor al-Hadiirah al- 'Arabiyah al-lsldmiyah, p. 522 563 Al-Khanqawiit as-Soofiyah fee Misr fil- 'A!irayn al-Ayyoobi wal-Mamlooki, vol. 1, p. 22 564 ibid. 565 op. cit., vol. 1, p. 23 566 op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 23-24 567 ash-Shami, Ahmad, $alii/:t ad-Deen was-Saleebiyeen, p. 81 568 Ibn al-Atheer, Al-Kiimil fit-Tiireekh, quoted in al-Khateeb, As'ad, AIButoolan wal-Fidd' 'inda as-Soofiyah: Diriisah Tiireekhiyah, p. 103 569 Ibn Katheer, AI-Bidiiyah wan-Nihiiyah, quoted in: al-Khateeb op. cit., p. 570 Ibn Khallikan, vol. 1, p. 257 571 ribdt: a small fortification built along a border during the early part of the Muslim conquest of North Africa to house military volunteers, called murdbitoon. These fortifications later served to protect commercial routes, as hostels, hospices, and spiritual retreats. (Editor) 572 Shams ad-Deen, Muhammad, Subn al-A'shd, vol. 3, p. 417 573 al-Maqreezi, al-Khutat, vol. 2, p. 417; al-Khateeb op. cit., p. 104 574 Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 46; al-Khateeb op. cit., p. 105 Notes 575 Al-Fatb al-Qdsiy fil-Fatn al-Qudsi, p. 145 576 Ibn Khallikan, vol. 7, p. 179 577 Tatimmah al-Mukhtasar fee Akhbdr al-Bashar, vol. 2, p. 147 578 al-Khateeb op. cit., p. 106 579 Ibn Shaddad, An-Nawddir as-Sultdniyab wal-Mahiisin al-Yoosufeeyah, pp. 6-16 580 al-Khateeb op. cit., p. 107 581 Taqqoosh, Tiireekb al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd ash-Shiim walJazeerah; p. 215 582 al-Khateeb op. cit., p. 108 583 al-Maqreezi, Taqi ad-Deen, Al-Mawd'idh wal l'tibdr bi Dhikr al-Khutat wal AtMr, vol. 2, pp. 415-416 584 Badawi, 'Abd al-Majeed, At-Tdreekh. as-Siyiisi wal-Fikri li/-Madh-hab asSunni fil-Mashriq al-lsliimi min al-Qarn al-Khiimis al-Hijri hattd Suqoot Baghdad, p. 240 585 Badawi op. cit., p. 240 586 dhikr: remembrance of Allah; specifically, remembering Allah through praising and supplicating to Him 587 Badawi op. cit., p. 240 588 Nasih, 'Abdullah, Saldh. ad-Deen al-Ayyoobi, p. 178 589 'Ulwan, 'Abdullah. $alaf:t ad-Deen al-Ayyoobi Batal al-Isldm as-Siilih, p. 179, quoting al-Maqreezi, Al-Mawii'idli wal I'tibdr bi Dhikr al-Khutat wal AtMr 590 'Ulwan, op. cit., p. 180 591 'Ulwan op. cit., p. 181 592 ibid. 593 'Ulwan op. cit., p. 181 594 'Ulwan op. cit., p. 168 595 op. cit., p. 168 596 This was an instrument that measured the Nile's increases and decreases in water volume. 597 op. cit., p. 170 598 ibid. 599 'al-Harithi, Adnan, 'Umrdn al-Qdhiran wa Khutatuhii fee 'Ahd $alaf:t adDeen al-Ayyoobi, pp. 40-69 600 Fadl al-Muslimeen 'ala ai-Haddran al-Urubbiyah, p. 228 601 Shams ad-Deen, Subh al-A'sha, vol. 4, p. 50; al-Harithi op. cit., p. 224 602 al-Harithi op. cit., p. 224 603 Harnzah, 'Abd al-Lateef, al-Harakali al-Fikriyah fee Misr, p. 48

$atal;tad-Deen al-Ayubi 604 Taqqoosh, Tdreekb al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 211 605 op. cit., p. 211 606 Tdreekn al-Anbiyii', p. 212 607 'Azzam, Hukum Qaraqoosh, p. 14 608 Wafiyiit al-A 'yan, quoted in: 'Azzam, Hukam Qaraqoosh, p. 15 609 Ibn Katheer, quoted in: 'Azzam, Hukam Qaraqoosh, p. 15 610 'Azzam, Hukum Qaraqoosh, p. 15 611 Hamzah, 'Abd al-Lateef, Al-Fashoosh fee Ahkdm Qaraqoosh li Ibn Mamiiti, p.34 612 'Azzam, Hukum Qaraqoosh, p. 19 613 op. cit., p. 22 614 Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 52 615 'Azzam, Hukum Qaraqoosh, p. 24 616 op. cit., p. 23; al-Maqreezi, al-Khutat at-Tawfeeqiyah, vo!. 1, p. 69 617 'Azzam, Hukum Qaraqoosh, p. 26 618 Hamzah op. cit., p. 40 619 'Azzam, Hukum Qaraqoosh, p. 27 620 ibid. 621 Al-Hanbali, Shadhardt adh-Dhahab, vo!. 4, pp. 331, 332 622 Ibn Tagharri, vo!. 4, p. 39; 'Azzam, Hukum Qaraqoosh, p. 28 623 'Azzam, Hukum Qaraqoosh, p. 29 624 op. cit., p. 41 625 ibid. 626 ibid. 627 op. cit., p. 47 628 Qaraqoosh wa Nawiidiruhu, p. 69; 'Azzam, Hukum Qaraqoosh, p. 53 629 'Ulwan, Sala/J ad-Deen al-Ayyoobi, Suqoot al-Quds wa Tahreeruhii, pp. 94-95 630 Fiefs (iqta'at or land grants). This refers to allocation of land and its resources and income to an individual so as to facilitate his service to the state, especially military service. 631 al-Maqreezi op. cit., vo!. 1, p. 97 632 Al-Ghamidi, 'Abdullah, Sala/J ad-Deen was-Saleebiyoon, p. 102 633 Ibn wssu, vo!. 2, p. 139 634 ibid. 635 Ibn Tagharri, vo!. 6, p. 94 636 Ibn Wasil, vo!. 2, p. 381; al-Ghamidi, Sala/J ad-Deen was-Saleebiyoon, p. 637 An-Nudhum al-Mdliyali fee Misr Zamdn al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 29 Notes 638 al-Ghamidi, Saliil}. ad-Deen was-Saleebiyoon, p. 103 639 op. cit., p. 103 640 op. cit., p. 104 641 op. cit., p. 105 642 al-Maqreezi op. cit., vol. 1, p. 101; An-Nudhum al-Miiliyah fee Misr Zamiin al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 34 643 Ibn Taghani, vol. 6, p. 29; al-Ghamidi, p. 106 644 al-Maqreezi, as-Sulook, vol. 1, p. 64, 65; al-Ghamidi, p. 107 645 al-Ghamidi, p. 107 646 Ibn Wasil, quoted in al-Ghamidi op. cit., p. 107 647 An-Nudhum al-Mdliyali fee Misr Zamiin al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 40 648 al-Ghamidi, p. 120 649 Husayn, AI-laysh al-Ayyoobi fee 'Ahd SaIiil}. ad-Deenp. 650 Husayn op. cit., p. 120 651 Ibn Khallikan, vol. 4, pp. 6-7 652 An-Nudhum al-Mdliyab fee Misr Zamdn al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 62; al-Ghamidi, p. 110 653 al-Ghamidi, p. 110 654 AI-Maqreezi, Al-Mawd'idb wal l'tibdr bi Dhikr al-Khutat wal Athiir, vol. 1, p. 215; al-Ghamidi, p. 110 655 Husayn op. cit., p. 122 656 Husayn, p. 122 657 ibid. 658 Ibn Wasil, vol. 2, p. 256; Husayn op. cit., p. 127 659 Husayn, p. 127 660 al-Isfahani, 'Imad ad-Deen, Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, vol. 1, p. 253 661 Husayn, p. 127 662 Al-Fatli al-Qdsiy fil-Fatk al-Qudsi, p. 417; Husayn, p. 128 663 Ibn wssu, vol. 2, p. 330 664 Husayn, p. 128 665 op. cit., p. 129 666 ibid. 667 al-Maqdisi, quoted in: Husayn op. cit., p. 129 668 al-Hashimi, Ta-Ha, al-Jughrdfiyali al- 'Askariyah, p. 83 669 Husayn op. cit., p. 143 670 Husayn, p. 144 671 ibid. 672 Ibn wssu, vol. 2, p. 295; Husayn, p. 146 673 Ibn al-Atheer, Al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh, quoted in: Husayn op. cit., p. 148 --------------------~------

$ala/J ad-Deen al-Ayubi 674 Husayn op. cit., p. 149 675 ibid. 676 ibid. 677 al-Maqdisi op. cit., quoted in.Husayn, p. 149 678 lbn Tagharri, vol. 6, p. 124; Husayn, p. 149 679 Husayn, p. 150 680 op. cit., p. 151 681 op. cit., p. 153 682 ibid. 683 Husayn, al-Jaysb al-Ayyoobi fee 'Ahd $ala/:t ad-Deen, p. 154 684 op. cit., p. 155 685 Hindi, Ihsan, al-Haydt al- 'Askariyah 'inda al- 'Arab, p. 166 686 al-Hashimi, Ta-Ha, Duroos fil-Ma'loomdt al-Jughrdfiyah, p. 18 687 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi fee 'Ahd $ala/:t ad-Deen, p. 155 688 ibid. 689 A testudo formation is a style of formation in which shields are used to protect an entire battalion as a whole from arrows. 690 flame-throwers 691 op. cit., p. 156 692 One type of banner was a large flag with a tassel of hair at the top. 693 Husayn op. cit., p. 156 694 Jawoosh is a Turkish word meaning 'the caller.' 695 lbn wssu. vol. 2, pp. 395-396; Husayn, p. 157 696 lbn Katheer, al-Biddyab wan-Nihdyah, quoted in: Husayn op. cit., p. 158 697 Husayn, p. 160 698 al-Qalanisi, Dhayl Tdreekk Dimashq, p. 340; Husayn, p. 160 699 Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, vol. I, p. 336; Husayn, p. 161 700 Husayn, p. 161 701 al-Maqdisi op. cit., quoted in: Husayn, p, 162 702 lbn al-Atheer, Al-Kdmil fit-Tdreekh, quoted in: Husayn op. cit., p. 162 703 Husayn, p. 163 704 op. cit., p. 161 705 al-Maqdisi, quoted in: Husayn, p. 163 706 lbn wssn, vol. 2, p. 167; Husayn, p. 163 707 Husayn op. cit., p. 163 708 Husayn, p. 164 709 Husayn, p. 165 710 ibid. 711 ibid. Notes 712 AI-Fat/; al-Qdsiy fil-Fatn al-Qudsi, p. 576; Husayn, p. 165 713 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 166 714 ibid. Ibn Wasil , Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, p. 368; Husayn, al-Jaysh alAyyoobi, p. 166 716 Ibn Shaddad op. cit., p. 149; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 166 717 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 167 718 ibid. 719 Subh. al-A'shd fee Sirui'at al-lnshd', vol. 4, p. 13 720 Husayn op. cit., p. 167 721 Ibn Wasil, vol. 2, pp. 373-374 722 Husayn op. cit., p. 168 723 Husayn, p. 168 724 Subl; al-A 'shd fee Sind'at al-Inshd', vol. 4, p. 8; Husayn op. cit., p. 168 725 Husayn op. cit., p. 168 726 Al-Fatb al-Qdsiy fil-Fath al-Qudsi, p. 103; Husayn, p. 169 727 Ibn Wii~il op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 83-84; Husayn, p. 169 728 Ibn Khallikiin, vol. 7, p. 211; Husayn, p. 170 729 Husayn, p. 170 730 ibid; Ibn Wii~il, vol. 2, p. 343 731 Husayn, p. 170 732 op. cit., p. 171 733 al-Maqdisi, quoted in Husayn op. cit., p. 175 734 Husayn, p. 175 735 op. cit., p. 176 736 ibid. 737 Ibn Shaddad op. cit., p. 134; Husayn, p. 176 738 Husayn, p. 176 739 op. cit., p. 178 740 Husayn, Al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 178 741 al-Kiimil fitTdreekh, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 178 742 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawddir, p. 192; Husayn, al-Jaysb al-Ayyoobi, p. 178 743 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 179 744 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 745 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 179 746 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawddir, p. 212 747 Mahmood, al-Fatli al-Qdsiy, p. 522 748 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawddir, p. 93; Husayn, al-Jaysb al-Ayyoobi, p. 179

SaW; ad-Deen al-Ayubi 749 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 180 750 ibid. 751 ibid. 752 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 753 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 181 754 Dii'irai al-Ma'drif, vol. 7, p. 168; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 181 755 Shams ad-Deen, Subn al-A'shd'; vol. 14, p. 390 756 Husn al-Muhadarah, vol. 2,p. 166; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 181 757 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 181 Qatya: a town on the way from Egypt in the middle of the sand near Farma 759 Qanoon: a fortress in Palestine near Ramlah, approximately half a day's travel from Caesarea 760 Dameen: a village on the outskirts of Damascus, near Hooran 761 Adhra'at: a city on the edge of Syria, near Balqan and 'Amman 762 Qarah: a large town on the main road. It was the first stage from Horns. 763 Shams ad-Deen, Sub~ al-A'shd'; vol. 14, p. 493 764 Tiireekh al-Mudun al-Isldmiyah, vol. 1, p. 233; al-Hayiit al- 'Askariyah, p. 765 Mahmood, al-Fat~@ al-Qdsiy, p. 360 766 Sand al-Barq ash-Shtimi, vol. 1, p.260 767 al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 187 768 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi fee 'Ahd Salii~ ad-Deen, p. 188 769 op. cit., p. 188 770 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi fee 'Ahd Salii~ ad-Deen, p. 189 77l Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi fee 'Ahd Salii~ ad-Deen, p. 191 772 op. cit., p. 193 773 op. cit., p. 197 774 op. cit., p. 203 775 op. cit., p. 205 776 op. cit., p. 206 777 op. cit., p. 206 778 op. cit., p. 208 779 Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi vo\. 1, p. 331; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 780 Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vo!. 2, p. 80 781 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 208 Notes 782 aJ-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 783 op. cit., p. 209 784 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 209 785 op. cit., p. 210 786 Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 787 A fortified town east of Tyre - Mu 'jam al-Bulddn. 788 Husayn, AI-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 210 789 al-Kiimil fit-Tiireekh, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 210 790 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 210 791 op. cit., p. 211; Mahmood, al-Fatli al-Qdsiy, p. 560 792 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 211 793 op. cit., p. 212 794 op. cit., p. 212 795 Mahmood, al-Fatb al-Qdsiy, p. 550; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 212 796 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 212 797 op. cit., p. 213 798 op. cit., p. 213 799 Ibn Khallikan, Wafiyiit al-A 'yiin, vol. 7, p. 199; Husayn, al-Jaysh alAyyoobi, p. 213 800 Shifd' al-Quloob, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 213 801 Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, p. 264. 802 Husayn, AI-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 214 803 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 804 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 214 805 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 216 806 op. cit., p. 218 807 op. cit., p. 219 808 op. cit., p. 220; Ibn Wa~il, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, p. 246 809 aJ-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 810 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 221 811 ibid. 812 Ibn Khallikan, Wafiyiit al-A 'yiin, vol. 7, p. 157 813 Mahmood, al-Fatli al-Qiisiy, p. 247; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 221 814 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 221 815 op. cit., p. 222

SalalJ ad-Deen al-Ayubi 816 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 817 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawtidir, p. 238; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 224 818 Rihlat lbn Jubayr, p. 280; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 2250 [sic] 819 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 226 820 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 226 821 op. cit., p. 227 822 ibid. 823 op. cit., p. 237 824 Mubarak, 'Ali, al-Khutat at-Tawfeeqiyah, p. 70 825 al-Maqdisi, Kiuib ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 826 Sand al-Barq ash-Shiimi, vo!. 1, p. 195; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 827 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 239 828 op. cit., p. 264 829 Mahmood, al-Fatn al-Qdsiy, p. 350 830 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 264 831 op. cit., p. 266-290 832 op. cit., p. 323 833 op. cit., p. 324 834 an-Nuwayhid, Waleed, $alalJ ad-Deen al-Ayyoobi, p. 94, 95 835 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 352 836 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn; quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 837 op. cit., p. 354 838 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 354 839 Ibn Jubayr, p. 34; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 357 840 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 357 841 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 357; Rihlat lbn Jubayr, p. 34 842 al-Maqreezi, al-Khutat, vo!. 2, p. 86; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 358 843 Tiireekn lbn Khaldoon, vo!. 5, p. 655; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 358 Ibn Wasi l, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vo!. 2, p. 127; Husayn, al-Jaysh alAyyoobi, p. 358 845 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 358 846 op. cit., p. 359 847 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 359 848 ibid. Notes 849 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 850 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 360 851 ibid. 852 ibid. 853 ibid. 854 Mahmood, al-Fatb al-Qdsiy, p. 341; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 360 855 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 361 856 Ibn al-Jawzi, Mir'iit az-Zamdn, vol. 8, p. 389; Ibn Wa~il, Mufarrij alKuroob, vol. 2, p. 185 857 Midmdr al-Haqd'iq, p. 50; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 361 858 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 361 859 Al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 363 860 Tiireekh al-Bahriyah al-Isldmiyah, p. 363 861 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 363 862 ibid. 863 ibid. 864 Mahmood, al-Fatn al-Qdsiy, p. 161 865 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 363 866 Al-Maqreezi, al-Khutat, vol. 2, p. 193 867 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 332 868 op. cit., p. 333 869 op. cit., p. 333 870 Ahsan at-Taqaseem, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 333 871 al-Maqreezi, al-Khutat, vol. 2, p. 193; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 334 872 al-Maqreezi, al-Khutat, vol. 2, p. 194; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 334 873 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 335 874 AI-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p.335 875 Ibn Khallikan, Wafiyyiit al-A 'yiin, vol. 4, p. 91; Husayn, al-Jaysh alAyyoobi, p. 335 876 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 336 877 op. cit., p. 339 878 ibid. 879 AI-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p.337 880 Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 337 881 AI-Maqreezi, al-Khutat, vol. 2, p. 194; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 338 882 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawddir, p. 22; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 338 ____________________________ ~1

$aZdl;ad-Deen al-Ayubi 883 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawddir, p. 22; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 338 884 al-Maqreezi, al-Khutat, vol. 2, p. 189; Husayn, al-Jaysb al-Ayyoobi, p. 338 885 al-Istiqsii li Akhbiir Duwal al-Maghrib al-Aqsd, vol. 2, p. 163; Buhooth Tdreekh. al-Haddrah, p. 89 886 Buhootli fee Tdreekh al-Haddrah al-Isldmiyah, p. 85 887 Bildd al-Hijd; mundhu Biddyat 'Ahd al-Ashriif, p. 44 888 al-Ghamidi, SaW/; ad-Deen was-Saleebiyeen, p. 153 889 SaW/; ad-Deen al-Fdris al-Mujdhid wal-Malik az-Zdhid, p. 145 890 op. cit., p. 46; al-Maqdisi, Kiuib ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 2, p. 327 891 Sala/; ad-Deen al-Fdris al-Mujdhid wal-Malik az-Zdhid, p. 146 892 ibid. 893 William of Tyre, vol. 20, p. 973; Saldh. ad-De en al-Fdris al-Mujdhid, p. 146. 894 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: Sala/; ad-Deen, p. 146 895 Sala/; ad-Deen al-Fdris al-Mujdhid, p. 147 896 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 2, p. 587 897 op. cit., vol. 2, p. 586; Saldl: ad-Deen al-Fdris al-Mujiihid, p. 147 898 SaW/; ad-Deen al-Mujdhid wal-Malik az-Zdhid, p. 148 899 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in SaW/; ad-De en al-Mujtihid, p. 900 al-Bdhir, pp. 162-163; Sala/; ad-Deen al-Mujdhid, p. 148 901 Ibn al-Atheer, al-Kiimil fit-Tiireekh, vol. 11, pp. 405-406 902 al-Maqdisi, Kiuib ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 2, p. 589; Saldh. ad-Deen al-Mujdhid, p. 149 903 Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, vol. 1, p. 168; Sala/; ad-Deen, p. 149 904 Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, vol. 1, p. 234; SaW/; ad-Deen, p. 150 905 Sala/; ad-Deen al-Mujiihid wal-Malik az-Zdhid, p. 150 906 SaW/; ad-Deen al-Mujdhid wal-Malik az-Zdhid, p. 151 907 ibid. 908 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 2, p. 589; SaW/; ad-Deen, p. 151 909 SaW/; ad-Deen al-Fdris al-Mujdhid, p. 151 910 Ibn al-Atheer, al-Kiimil fit-Tiireekh; quoted in Sala/; ad-Deen al-Fiiris alMujdhid, p. 152 911 SaW/; ad-Deen al-Fdris al-Mujdhid, p. 152 912 ibid. 913 ibid. 914 Taqqoosh, Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr, p. 56 915 Sala/; ad-Deen al-Fdris al-Mujiihid, p. 153 Notes 916 Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, quoted in Salfil;l ad-Deen al-Malik al-Mujdhid, p. 917 Dawr al-Mudun al-Filasteeniyali fee Muqfiwamah al-Ghazw as-Saleebi, p. 918 al-Maqdisi, Kitiib ar-Rawdatayn, vo!. 2, p. 361 919 al-Maqdisi, Kiuib ar-Rawdatayn, vo!. 2, p. 361 920 al-Maqdisi, Kiuib ar-Rawdataynliawdatayn, vo!. 2, p. 365 921 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vo!. 2, p. 365 922 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vo!. 2, p. 367 923 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vo!. 2, p. 368 924 Taqqoosh, Tfireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wash-Sham, p. 84 925 op. cit., p. 84 926 op. cit., p. 56 927 Dawr al-Mudun al-Filasteeniyah fee Muqdwamah al-Ghazw as-Saleebi, p. 928 al-Hanbali, Shadhardt adh-Dhahab fee Akhbfir min Dhahab, vo!. 4, p. 243 929 op. cit., vol. 4, p. 243 930 lbn Taghani, vo!. 1, p. 25 931 Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, p. 77; Al-Fikr as-Sooqi al-Ayyoobi, p. 77 932 Taqqoosh, Tfireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wash-Sham, p. 56 933 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vo!. 2, p. 344 934 Ibn al-Atheer, al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh, quoted in: Taqqoosh, Tdreekh alAyyoobiyeen, p. 56 935 Kanz ad-Durar, vo!. 7, pp. 58-59 936 Ibn al-Jawzi, Mir'tu az-Zamiin, vo!. 8, p. 327; Taqqoosh, Tfireekh alAyyoobiyeen, p. 57 937 Taqqoosh, Tfireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd al-Shfim, p. 57 938 lbn al- 'Adeem, vo!. 2, p. 520 939 Taqqoosh,Tfireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd ash-Sham, p. 57 940 lbn Katheer, al-Biddyab wan-Nihdyah, quoted in: Taqqoosh, Tfireekh alAyyoobiyeen, p. 58 941 lbn W~il, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vo!. 2, p. 824 942 'Ashoor, al-Harakab as-Saleebiyah, vo!. 2, p. 744; Taqqoosh, Tiireekh alZankiyeen, p. 58 943 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vo!. 2, pp. 350, 351 944 Taqqoosh, Tfireekh az-Zankiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd ash-Sham, p. 59 945 Ibn al-Atheer, al-Kdmil fit-Tiireekh; quoted in: Taqqoosh, Tfireekh azZankiyeen, p. 59 946 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vo!. 2, p. 346 __________________________ ~J

$alii!:tad-Deen al-Ayubi 947 op. cit., vol. 2, p. 346; SaW/:! ad-Deen al-Malik al-Mujdhid, p. 159 948 Sala/:! ad-Deen al-Malik al-Mujiihid: p. 161 949 aI-Maqdisi, Kitab ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 2, pp. 348-349 950 al-Maqdisi, Kitdb arRawdatayn, vol. 2, pp. 357-366 . 951 Taqqoosh, Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd ash-Sham, p. 60 952 op. cit., p. 60, quoted in al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 2, p. 381 953 al-Kiimil fit-Tiireekh, quoted in: Taqqoosh, Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 60 954 al-Maqdisi, Kiuib ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 2, p. 378 955 op. cit., vol. 2, p. 379 956 Taqqoosh, Tiireekli al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd ash-Sham, p. 61 957 ibid. 958 aI-Ma'arrah: a large city belonging to Horns, between AJeppo and Hamah 959 Kafar Tab: A town between al-Ma'arrah and A1eppo. Al-Hamawi, vol. 4, p.470 960 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawddir as-Sultdniyah, p. 94 961 Taqqoosh, Tdreekh al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd ash-Sham, p.61 962 ibid. 963 Sala/:! ad-Deen al-Fdris al-Mujdhid, p. 170 964 Ibn Wa~il, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vo!. 2, p. 36; Taqqoosh, Tdreekb alAyyoobiyeen, p. 62 965 Taqqoosh, Tdreekn al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd ash-Sham, p. 62 966 op. cit., p. 63 967 Hasankeyf: a large city in southeastern Turkey 968 Ibn al- 'Adeem, vol. 2, p. 523 969 Taqqoosh, Tdreekn al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd ash-Sham, p. 63 970 Nusaybin: a populous city in Mesopotamia on the caravan route from Mosul to Syria. 971 Bira: a town near Sumaysat, between Aleppo and the Byzantine border; it is a fortified citadel. 972 Ibn al-Atheer, Al-Kiimil fit-Tiireekh, quoted in: Taqqoosh, Tdreekli alAyyoobiyeen, p. 63 973 Ibn Wasi], Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vo!. 2, p. 38; Taqqoosh, Tdreekb alAyyoobiyeen, p. 63 974 William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 986; Taqqoosh, Tdreekh al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 64 975 Shayzar: in Syria, near al-Ma'arrah, between it and Hamah 976 Taqqoosh, Tdreekn al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd ash-Sham, p. 64 977 op. cit., p. 64 978 op. cit., p. 65 Notes 979 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawddir as-Sultdniyah, p. 95; Taqqoosh, Tdreekh. alAyyoobiyeen, p. 65 980 'Azaz: a small town north of Aleppo in which there is a citadel 981 Ibn Wa~il, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, p. 46; Taqqoosh, Tlireekh alAyyoobiyeen, p. 65 982 i.e., to alert the female occupants to their presence (Editor) 983 Taqqoosh, Tlireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr was Bildd ash-Sham, p. 66 984 Ibn al-Atheer, al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh, vol. 9, pp. 446-447 985 Surooj: a city near Harran in Diyar Mudar, according to al-Hamawi, vol. 3, p.216 986 Ibn Katheer, al-Biddyali wan-Nihdyah, vol. 16, p. 553 987 Taqqoosh, Tlireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd ash-Sham, p. 69 988 Harim: a strong fortress near Antioch; it now comes under the jurisdiction of Aleppo 989 Ibn Wa~il, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, pp. 110-112; Taqqoosh, Tlireekh alAyyoobiyeen, p. 70 990 Ibn al-Atheer, al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh, quoted in Taqqoosh, Tlireekh alAyyoobiyeen, p. 70 991 Taqqoosh, Tlireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd ash-Sham, p. 70 992 Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, p. 119; Taqqoosh, Ttireekli alAyyoobiyeen, p. 71 993 Jazeerat Ibn 'Umar: a city above Mosul; there is three days' distance between the two. Al-Hamawi, vol. 2, p. 138 994 Ibn al-Atheer, al-Ktimil fit-Tiireekh, quoted in: Taqqoosh, Tdreekh. alAyyoobiyeen, p. 71 995 Taqqoosh, Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 71 996 Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 1, p. 122; Taqqoosh, Tlireekh alAyyoobiyeen, p. 71 997 Azerbaijan: a vast region the capital of which is Tabriz. Al-Hamawi, vol. 1, p. 128 998 Hamadhan: a large city in the region of al-Jibal, 999 Khallat: a well-known, populous city with many agricultural resources 1000 Ibn al-Atheer, al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh, quoted in: Taqqoosh, Tlireekh alAyyoobiyeen, p. 72 1001 Taqqoosh, Tlireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 72 1002 Ibn al-Atheer, al-Kdmil fit-Tiireekh, quoted in: Taqqoosh, Tlireekh alAyyoobiyeen, p. 72 1003 Badlees: a city on the border of Armenia, near Khallat. Al-Hamawi, vol. 1, p. 358

$allilJ.ad-Deen al-Ayubi 1004 Arzan: a famous city near Khallat 1005 Gregory of Malta, Tdreekli az-Zamdn, p. 199 1006 Ra's al-'Ayn: a large, well known city of Mesopotamia, between Harran and Nusaybin 1007 Ibn al-Atheer, al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh, quoted in: Taqqoosh, Tiireekb alAyyoobiyeen, p. 73 1008 Taqqoosh, Tdreekn al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Biliid ash-Sham, p. 73 1009 ibid. 10IO Taqqoosh, Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd ash-Sham, p. 73 lOllOp. cit., p. 74 1012 'Ayntab: a strong citadel between Aleppo and Antioch; it was also known as Badlook. 10I3 Taqqoosh, Tdreekn al-Ayyoobiyeen fish-Sham, p. 74 1014 Ibn Wasi], Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, p. 142; Taqqoosh, Tareekh alAyyoobiyeen, p. 75 IOI5 Taqqoosh, Tdreekb al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 75 1016 Shahrazoor: a large town in the mountains between Irbil and Hamadhan 1017 Daqooqa: a city between Irbil and Baghdad Al-Hamawi, vol. 2, p. 459 1018 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawiidir as-Sultiiniyah, p. Ill, 112; Taqqoosh, Tiireekn al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 76 1019 Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, pp. 155, 156; Taqqoosh, Tdreekn al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 76 1020 Taqqoosh, Tdreekh al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 76 1021 Taqqoosh, Tdreekn al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 76. See: Mujdhid ad-Deen Qaymii: Nii'ib Irbid wa Mosul 1022 ibid. 1023 Dunaysar: a large town on the edge of Mesopotamia, near Mardin 1024 Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, p. 166 1025 Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, p. 166; Taqqoosh, Tdreekli alAyyoobiyeen, p. 77 1026 Ibn al-Atheer, al-Kiimil fit-Tiireekh; vol. 10, pp. 5, 6; Taqqoosh, Tdreekh al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 78 1027 Taqqoosh, Tdreekh. al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 78 1028 ibid. 1029 Ibn al-Atheer, al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh, quoted in Taqqoosh, Tdreekli alAyyoobiyeen, p. 79 1030 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawddir as-Sultiiniyah, p. 117, 118 1031 Amid: the largest city of Diyar Bakr 1032 al-Atheer, al-Kdmil fit-Tdreekh, vol. 10, pp. 8, 9; Taqqoosh, Ttireekn alNotes Ayyoobiyeen, p. 80 1033 AI-Fikr as-Sooqi al-Ayyoobi, p. 161 1034 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawiidir as-Sultdniyah, p. 119; Taqqosh, Tiireekh alAyyoobiyeen, p. 80 1035 Al-Fikr as-Sooqi al-Ayyoobi, p. 162 1036 Ibn Shaddad, an-Nawddir as-Sultdniyah, p. 163 1037 Al-Fikr as-Sooqi al-Ayyoobi, p. 163 1038 Taqqoosh, Tdreekh al-Ayyoobiyeen fee Misr wa Bildd ash-Sham, p. 81 1039 sadaqah: voluntary charity 1040 $alaf; ad-Deen al-Fiiris al-Mujdhid wal-Malik az-Zdhid, p. 230 1041 Taqqoosh, Tdreekii al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 96 1042 Fawzi & Husayn, Al-Khildfah al- 'Abbdsiyah, vol. 2, p. 188 1043 Taqqoosh, Dr. Muhammad, Tdreekli al-Fiuimiyeen, p. 392, 393 1044 op. cit., p. 393 1045 ibid. 1046 Fawzi & Husayn, Al-Khildfali al- 'Abbdsiyah, vol. 2, p. 188 1047 Qazvin: a city in Iran 165 km northwest of Tehran 1048 Harakat al-Hashdshiyeen, p. 65, 66 1049 an-Nasir, al-Jihad wat-Tajdeed fil-Qarn al-Sddis al-Hijri, p. 32 1050 as-Sa'eed, Muhammad, Dawlat al-Ismd'eeliyali fee Iran, p. 95 1051 as-Sallabi, Dawlat as-Saldjiqah, p. 129 1052 as-Sallabi, Dawlat as-Saldjiqah, p. 97 1053 Taqqoosh, Tiireekn al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 97 1054 adh-Dhahabi, Siydr A'lam an-Nubald'; vol. 21, p. 183 1055 op. cit., vol. 21, p. 183 1056 op. cit., vol. 21, p. 185 1057 Taqqoosh, Tdreekh. al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 97 1058 Taqqosh, Tdreekh. al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 97 1059 op. cit., p. 98 1060 ibid. 1061 Narrated with weak chains from Anas, Buraydah and Jabir according to Al-Jdmi' as-Sagheer 1062 i.e., enemies from within Salah ad-Deen's own ranks (Editor) 1063 Soorat an-Nahl begins with the words ~The Event ordained by Allah will come to pass.a (Quran 16: 1). Soorat ~iid ends with the words ~And you shall certainly know the truth of it after a while) (Quran 38: 88) 1064 al-Isfahani, p. 98; Taqqoosh, Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 98 1065 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: Taqqoosh, Tdreekli alAyyoobiyeen, p. 98

SaW] ad-Deen al-Ayubi 1066 AI-Maqdisi, Kitlib ar-Rawdatayn, vo!. 2, p. 423 1067 al-Hashimi, 'Abd al-Mun'im, Mawsoo'ah Tlireekh al-'Arab: al-t Asr alAyyoobi, p. 63 1068 Taqqoosh, Tlireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 88 1069 al-Hashimi, Mawsoo 'ah Tlireekh al- 'Arab: al- 'A!fr al-Ayyoobi, p. 58 1070 al-Hamawi, Shihab ad-Deen, Mu'jam al-Bulddn, vo!. 3, p. 51 1071 op. cit., vo!. 4, p. 497 1072 Ibn al-Atheer, Al-Kdmil fit-Tiireekh, vo!. 9, p. 148 1073 Malatya is a well-known city on the border of Syria. 1074 al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldiin, vol. 5, p. 192; al-Hashimi, Mawsoo'ah Tlireekh al- 'Arab, p. 59 1075 al-Hamawi, Mu 'jam al-Buldiin, vo!. 2, p. 40; al-Hashimi, Mawsoo 'ah Tlireekh al- 'Arab, p. 60 1076 al-Hashimi, Mawsoo 'ali Tlireekh al- 'Arab, p. 60 1077 Ibn Shaddad, An-Nawlidir as-Sultdniyah, p. 98; Ibn al-Atheer, al-Kiimil fitTdreekh, vol. 9, pp. 447, 449 1078 Taqqoosh, Tlireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 92 1079 al-Hashimi, Mawsoo 'ah Tlireekh al- 'Arab, p. 54 1080 ibid. 1081 al-Qalqashandi, fjubJ; al-A'shd, vol. 13, pp. 85-90 1082 Al-Maqdisi, Kitiib ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: al-Hashimi, Mawsoo 'ah Tlireekh al- 'Arab, p. 55 1083 Ibn al-Jawzi, Al-Muntadham fee Tlireekh al-Umam, vol. 10, p. 233 1084 adh-Dhahabi, Siydr A'llim an-Nubald', vol. 21, p. 70 1085 adh-Dhahabi, Siyiir A'llim an-Nubald', vol. 21, p. 70 1086 Ibn Katheer, Al-Bidliyah wan-Nihdyah, vol. 16, p. 541 1087 Taqqoosh, Tlireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 85 1088 AI-Maqdisi, Kitiib ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, pp. 60-61, 65; Taqqoosh, Tlireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 85 1089 Ma'dthir al-Inlifah fee Ma'dlim al-Khiliifah, vol. 3, pp. 87-88 1090 Taqqoosh, Tlireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 85 1091 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, pp. 85-86; Taqqoosh, Tlireekh alAyyoobiyeen, p. 85 1092 Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 51; Taqqoosh, Tlireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 85 1093 Taqqoosh, Tlireekh al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 86 1094 ibid. 1095 AI-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in:Taqqoosh, Tlireekh alAyyoobiyeen, p. 86 1096 AI-Maqdisi, Kitiib ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: al-Hashimi, Mawsoo'ah Notes Tdreekli al- 'Arab, p. 57 1097 Mukhtasar at-Tdreeklt min Awwal az-Zaman ild Tareekh Banil- 'Abbds, p. 57 1098 al-Hashimi, Mawsoo'ah Tdreekh. al-'Arab, p. 57 1099 Taqqoosh, Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen, pp. 104-105 1100 Tdreeklt al-A'mdl al-Munjazah, William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 1035 1101 al-Hashimi, Mawsoo 'ah Tdreekli al- 'Arab: al- 'A~r al-Ayyobi, p. 65 1102 ibid. 1103 al-Hashimi, Mawsoo'ah Tdreekli al-'Arab: al-iAsr al-Ayyoobi, p. 66 1104 Jibran & al- 'Imadi, Dirdsiit fee Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen wal-Mamdleek, p. 1105 op. cit., p. 92 1106 Taqqoosh, Tdreekh. al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 119 1107 Ibn al-Atheer, Al-Kdmil fit-Tdreekh, vol. 9, p. 422; Taqqoosh, Tdreekli alAyyoobiyeen, p. 119 1108 William of Tyre, Tdreekn al-A'mdl al-Munjazah, vol. 2, p. 886; Taqqoosh, Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 119 1109 'Ashoor, al-Harakan as-Saleebiyah, vol. 2, p. 754; Taqqoosh, Tdreekli alAyyoobiyeen, p. 119 Ibn Shaddad, An-Nawddir as-Sulidniyah, p. 96; Taqqoosh, Tdreekli alAyyoobiyeen, p. 122 1111 Taqqoosh, Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 122 1112 Ibn al-Atheer, Al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh; vol. 9, pp. 429-430 1113 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn fee Akhbiir ad-Dawlatayn, vol. 2, p. 471 1114 al-Hashimi, Mawsoo 'ah Tdreekli al- 'Arab, p. 74 1115 Ibn al-Atheer, Al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh, vol. 9, p. 431 William of Tyre, Tiireekli al-A'mal, vol. 2, p. 1005; al-Hashirni, Mawsoo 'an Tdreekh. al- 'Arab, p. 76 1117 Husayn, Al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi fee 'Ahd Saldh. ad-Deen, p. 411 1118 Ibn al-Jawzi, Mir'iit az-Zamdn, quoted in: Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 1119 al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Bulddn, vol. 1, p. 479 1120 Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, quoted in al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 411 1121 Yaqoot describes it as a great city in Palestine and it was its capital in the past. 1122 Kastallan, Tdreekh. al-Juyoosh, p. 59; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 412 1123 Ibn Wa~il, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, p. 61; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p.412 1124 Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, vol. 1, p. 256; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 412 1125 Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, vol. 1, p. 256; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 412

Said/; ad-Deen al-Ayubi 1126 AI-Maqdisi, Kitiib ar-Rawdatayn, vol. I, p. 703; Husayn, al-Jaysh alAyyoobi, p. 413 1127 Ibn Wa~il, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, pp. 60, 61; Husayn, al-Jaysh alAyyoobi, p. 413 1128 lbn Shaddad, An-Nawddir, p. 53; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 413 1129 lbn al-Atheer, Al-Kiimil fitTdreekh, vol. 11, p. 443; Husayn, al-Jaysh alAyyoobi, p. 414 1130 lbn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, p. 60; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p.414 1131 lbn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, p. 62; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p.414 1132 Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, vol. 1, p. 260; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 1133 Runciman, vol. 2, p. 673; Husayn, al-Jaysh al-Ayyoobi, p. 414 1134 al-Hayara, Salal;! ad-Deen al-Qii'id wa 'Asruhu, p. 212 1135 AI-Maqdisi, Kiuib ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 2, p. 213; al-Hayara, Salaf; ad-Deen al-Qii'id wa 'Asruhu, p. 213 1136 al-Hayara, Salaf; ad-Deen al-Qd'id wa 'Asruhu, p. 213 1137 lbn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, p. 72 1138 al-Atheer, al-Kdmil fit-Tiireekh, vol. 9, p. 439, 441; Taqqoosh, Ttireekn al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 127 Shaqeef Amoon: a strongly fortified citadel in a cave in the mountains near Baniyas 1140 Taqqoosh, Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 128 1141 Taqqoosh, Tdreekb al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 128 1142 lbn al-Atheer, Al-Kdmil fit-Tiireekh, vol. 9, p. 439; al-Hashimi, Mawsoo'ak Tiireekn al- 'Arab, p. 128 1143 Taqqoosh, Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 128 1144 Taqqoosh, Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen, p. 129; William of Tyre, Tdreekh alA'mal, vol. 2, pp. 1014-1015 al-Hamawi, Mu 'jam al-Bulddn, vol. 1, p. 270; al-Hashimi, Mawsoo 'ah Tdreekn al- 'Arab, p. 82 1146 lbn al-Atheer, Al-Kiimil fit-Tdreekh, vol. 9, p. 151; al-Hashimi, Mawsoo'ali Tdreekn al- 'Arab, p. 82 1147 Salaf; ad-Deen fee Bildd Misr wash-Sham wal-Jazeerah, p. 282 1148 'Ashoor, Al-lfarakah as-Saleebiyah, vol. 2, p. 753 1149 Jibran & al- 'Imadi, Dirdsiit fee Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen wal-Mamdleek, p. 95 1150 'Ashoor, Al-lfarakah as-Saleebiyah, vol. 2, p. 617; an-Nasir, al-Jihad walTajdeed, p. 231 Notes 1151 AI-Maqdisi, Kiuib ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 2, p. 75 1152 an-Nasir, Al-Jihad wat-Tajdeed, p. 231 1153 Ibn al-Atheer, Al-Kiimil fit-Tiireekh, Hawdditn Sanah 577 AH; an-Nasir, Al-Jihad wat-Tajdeed, p. 231 1154 Ibn al-Atheer, Al-Kiimil fitTdreekh, vol. 9, p. 153; an-Nasir, Al-Jihad watTajdeed, p. 231 1155 'Ashoor, Al-lfarakah as-Saleebiyah, vol. 2, p. 606; an-Nasir, Al-Jihad watTajdeed, p. 231 1156 Jibran & al- 'Imadi, Dirdsdt fee Ttireekn al-Ayyoobiyeen wal-Mamdleek, p. 1157 op. cit., p. 97 1158 ibid. 1159 Jibran & al- 'Imadi, Dirdsdt fee Tdreekli al-Ayyoobiyeen wal-Mamdleek, p. 1160 SalalJ ad-Deen al-Fdris al-Mujiihid wal-Malik az-Zdhid, p. 231 1161 al-Ma'adeedi & Noori, Tdreekli al-Watan al-'Arabi wal-Ghazw as-Saleebi, p. 160 1162 op. cit., p. 161 1163 al-Ma'adeed & Noori, Tdreekli al-Watan al-'Arabi wal-Ghazw as-Saleebi, p. 161 1164 ibid. 1165 ibid. 1166 SalalJ ad-Deen al-Fiiris al-Mujdhid wal-Malik az-Zdhid, p. 232 1167 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn fee Akhbiir ad-Dawlatayn, vol. 1, p. 41 1168 op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 26-28 1169 Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, p. 193; Abu Faris, Duroos wa Ta'ammuliit fil-lfuroob as-Saleebiyah, p. 132 1170 Abu Fans, Ta'ammuldt fil-Huroob as-Saleebiyah, p. 136 1171 AI-Maqdisi, Kitab ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 2, pp. 32, 33; Ibn wssn, Mufarrij al-Kuroob, vol. 2, pp. 163, 164 1172 Abu Fans, Duroos wa Ta'ammuldt fil-lfuroob as-Saleebiyah, p. 137 1173 Ibn al-Atheer, Al-Kdmil fit-Tdreekh, quoted in Abu Faris, Duroos wa Ta'ammuliit, p. 138 1174 op. cit., p. 139 1175 Al-Hayara, SalalJ ad-Deen al-Qd'id wa 'Asruhu, p. 203 1176 Ibn Katheer, Al-Biddyab wan-Nihdyah, vol. 16, p. 576 1177 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, p. 6 1178 ibid. 1179 AI-Maqdisi, sus» ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, p. 6

$aliil}ad-Deen al-Ayubi 1180 op. cit., vol. 3, p. 7 1181 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, p. 8 1182 op. cit., vol. 3, p. 9 1183 ibid. 1184 Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, vol. 3, p. 106; AI-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, p. 11 1185 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, p. 11 1186 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, p. 24; reference is made to the verse in which Allah says, ~But if a bounty comes to you from Allah, he would surely say - as if there had never been ties of affection between you and him - Oh! I wish I had been with them; so I could have attained a great attainment.a (Quran 4: 73) 1187 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, pp. 25-26 1188 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, p. 66 1189 This is the sea that extends from Arabia to Jeddah to Yemen [i.e., the Red Sea - translator]. 1190 istikhdrah: a prayer by which one seeks guidance from Allah 1191 Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, vo!. 1, pp. 353, 254 1192 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, p. 68 1193 ibid. 1194 ibid 1195 op. cit., vol. 3, p. 69 1196 Ibn Katheer, Al-Bidiiyab wan-Nihdyah, vol. 16, p. 570 1197 as-sirdt: the path leading to paradise that passes over hellfire, and is found by disbelievers and sinners to be extremely sharp and narrow 1198 Ibn Katheer, Al-Bidliyah wan-Nihdyah, vo!. 16, p. 571 1199 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, p. 238 1200 op. cit., vol. 2, p. 239 1201 op. cit., vol. 3, p. 240 1202 ibid. 1203 Ibn Katheer, Al-Bidliyah wan-Nihdyah, vol. 16, p. 518 1204 op. cit., vol. 16, p. 573 1205 ibid. 1206 adh-Dhahabi, Siydr A'ldm an-Nubalii', vol. 21, p. 53 1207 ibid. 1208 Ibn Katheer, al-Biddyan wan-Nihdyah, vol. 16, p. 546 1209 ibid. 1210 op. cit., vol. 16, p. 559

The Bibliography Notes Seedi is a colloquial Arabic expression that is a variant of sayyidi, meaning 'my lord', in the sense of 'sir' or 'master' 1212 adh-Dhahabi, Siydr A'liim an-Nubald' vol. 21, p. 79 1213 op. cit., vol. 21, p. 80 1214 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, p. 34 1215 op. cit., vol. 2, p. 433 1216 Ibn Katheer, Al-Bidiiyah wan-Nihdyah, vol. 16, p. 531 1217 It is the Blue River, one of the tributaries of the Euphrates, on the edge of Anatolia, towards Aleppo. 1218 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, p. 55 1219 Al-Maqdisi, Kitab ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, p. 55 1220 Sand al-Barq ash-Shdmi, vol. 1, pp. 347 to 348 1221 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, vol. 3, p. 264 1222 ibid. 1223 fitnah: lit. trial, temptation; (attempting to sow) discord between Muslims 1224 Ibn Katheer, Al-Bidiiyah wan-Nihiiyah, vol. 16, p. 525 1225 op. cit., vol. 16, p. 525 1226 op. cit., vol. 16, p. 551 1227 al-Hayara, Salii/:t ad-Deen al-Qii'id wa 'Asruhu, p. 263 1228 op. cit., vol. 2, p. 64 1229 al-Hayara, SaW/:t ad-Deen al-Qd'id wa 'Asruhu, p. 264 1230 Al-Maqdisi, Kitdb ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in: al-Hayara, Salii/:t ad-Deen alQii'id wa 'Asruhu, p. 264 1231 op. cit., p. 265 1232 ibid. 1233 Al-Maqdisi, Kitiib ar-Rawdatayn, quoted in al-Hayara, Salii/:t ad-Deen alQii'id wa 'Asruhu, p. 265 1234 op. cit., p. 266 1235 al-Hayara, Saldh. ad-Deen al-Qii'id wa 'Asruhu, p. 267 1236 al-Hayara, Salii/:t ad-Deen al-Qd'id wa 'Asruhu, p. 268 The Bibliography can be found at the end of Volume ill of $allilJ ad-Deen al-Ayubi

Appendix A Timeline of Major Events 296 AH: 324 AH: 358 AH: 443 AH: 463 AH: 479 AH: 488 AH: 490 AH: 492 AH: 494 AH: 'Ubayd-Allah al-Mahdi sets up Shiite Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa The death of Abul Hasan al-Ash'ari - the scholar whose Sunni beliefs were followed by the Ayubid state Fatimids enter Egypt Demise of Fatimid State in North Africa The Battle of Manzikert - Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan deals a blow to the Byzantine forces The Battle of Sagrajas - Almoravids victory against Spanish Christians in Andalusia Pope Urban IT's speech that roused support for the first crusade Beginning of the first crusade Franks seize Antioch Jerusalem occupied by Crusaders The Battle of Merzifon - Seljuk Turks victory over the Crusaders The first Battle of Herac1ea - William, Count of Nevers, was dealt a total loss by the Seljuk Turks

The second Battle of Heraclea - French and German armies led by William IX Duke of Aquitaine and WelfIV Duke of Bavaria are defeated by the Seljuks. The Battle of Balikh - The Principality of Antioch and the County of Edessa under Crusader rule fought against the Seljuk Turks. The outcome was victory for the Muslims. Appendix A - Timeline of major events 497 AH: 500 AH: 513 AH: 532 AH: 539 AH: 542 AH: 543 AH: 559 AH: The death of Kilij Arslan, the ruler of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum The Battle of Ager Sanguinis (The Field of Blood) - Muslim victory over the Crusaders. The sheer amount of deaths on the side of the Crusaders inspired the name, 'Field of Blood.' The birth of Salah ad-Deen al-Ayubi The Conquest of Edessa by 'Imad ad-Deen ZangiJacobite Bishop Basil handed the city over to Zangi after 30 days of siege. Beginning of the second crusade The Seljuks destroy the German army - Sultan Mas' ood, Emir of the Seljuks of Rum, handed defeat to the Germans under Konrad ill. Muslim victory of Damascus against Frankish forces of King Louis VII Noor ad-Deen Zangi's first campaign against Egypt - to secure Egypt from Fatimid control (Salah adDeen, at age 17, joined this venture)

562 AH: 564 AH: 565 AH: 567 AH: 568 AH: 569 AH: $alii/J ad-Deen al-Ayubi Noor ad-Deen Zangi's second campaign against Egypt - Shawar, vizier of Cairo, sought help from Amalric I, King of Jerusalem agains Noor ad-Deen, but help did not come and Noor ad-Deen took control of western part of the country. The Battle of Babayn - The Franks and the Egyptians were defeated by the cunning military expertise of Noor ad-Deen's commander, Salah adDeen's uncle, Asad ad-Deen Shirkuh. The siege of Alexandria - Asad ad-Deen gained control without fighting. Salah ad-Deen appointed deputy in Alexandria Noor ad-Deen Zangi's third campaign against Egypt resulting in control of Egypt by Noor ad-Deen Salah ad-Deen becomes vizier in Cairo The siege of Darnietta - Franks besiege the city and Salah ad-Deen defends it ending in the defeat of the Franks. The death of the Fatimid ruler of Egypt, al-'Adid Abolishment of the Shiite Fatimid Caliphate Salah ad-Deen becomes ruler of Egypt Revival of Abbasid caliphate by Salah ad-Deen The death of Najm ad-Deen Ayub, Salah ad-Deen's father The death of Noor ad-Deen Zangi Salah ad-Deen conquers Yemen

First Shiite attempt to assassinate ,salal). ad-Deen Appendix A - Timeline of major events 570 AH: The Ayubid state begins 570-572 AH: Crusader raids against Salah ad-Deen's posssessions 571 AH: Peace deal between ,salal). ad-Deen and the Crusaders ,salal). ad-Deen's annexation of Damascus 573 AH: 575 AH: 576 AH: 577 AH: 578 AH: 579 AH: 581 AH: Second Shiite attempt to assassinate ,salal).ad-Deen The Battle of ar-Ramlah - Salah ad-Deen was defeated by Reynald de Chatillon. The death of the Abbasid caliph al-Mustadi bi Arnrlllah The Battle of Tell al-Qadi - Victory by Salah adDeen over Raymond III and Baldwin IV. Truce between ,salal). ad-Deen and Baldwin IV calling for 2 years of peace The death of the scholar I:Iatidh AbulTahir as-Salafi al-Asbahani Salah ad-Deen enters Armenia The death of al-Malik as-Salih, the son of Noor adDeen Zangi Andronikos Komnenos becomes emperor of Byzantine state Salah ad-Deen's annexation of Aleppo Salah ad-Deen's annexation of Mosul

582 AH: 583 AH: 585 AH: 586 AH: $aliilJ.ad-Deen al-Ayubi Isaac Angelos becomes emperor of Byzantine state upon Komnenos' deposition and death Astrologers foretold that the world would end this year. The death of Baldwin V, which led to internal conflict between princes for the throne of Jerusalem Reynald de Chatillon breaks truce with Salah adDeen The Battle of Hattin - Salah ad-Deen's decisive victory over the Crusaders in which the King of Jerusalem, Guy de Lusignan was captured as well as Reynald de Chatillon, who was beheaded for his treachery The Battle of Sephoria - Huge losses for the Crusaders dealt by Salah ad-Deen The Liberation of Jerusalem by Salah ad-Deen The siege of Tyre - Salah ad-Deen besieged the city but the King, Conrad de Montferrat, had fortifications and would not surrender, resulting in Salah ad-Deen lifting the siege. The death of 'Abdullah ibn Abi 'Asroon, scholar and judge under Salah ad-Deen Beginning of the third crusade as a result of the loss at Hattin and the loss of Jerusalem Germans enter Armenia Death of German Emperor, Fredrick Barbarossa, resulting in the fleeing of the Germans

Crusaders besiege Acre Appendix A - Timeline of major events 587 AH: 588 AH: 589 AH: 596 AH: The fall of Acre to the kings of England and France, Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus The Battle of Arsuf - Between Richard the Lionhearted and Salah ad-Deen resulting in victory for Salah ad-Deen The Destruction of Ascalon by Salah ad-Deen so that the Crusaders could not take it The Battle of Jaffa - Salah ad-Deen attacked Jaffa, the headquarters of the Crusaders, when Richard the Lionheart was absent. The Muslims took the city and the Crusaders had to seek a peace deal. The Treaty of ar-Ramlah - Between Richard the Lionheart and Salah ad-Deen; Richard leaves the Middle East for England. The death of Salah ad-Deen al-Ayubi The death of Q@adi al-Fadil (Abu 'Ali 'Abd arRaheem al- 'Asqallani), trusted advisor to Salah adDeen

Appendix B Dynasties mentioned In $aldlJ ad-Deen al-Ayubi Muslims Abbasid Caliphate - This dynasty traces its genealogy to alAbbas, the son of Abd al-Muttalib. Al-Abbas was the brother of 'Abdulliih, father of the Prophet Muhammad (~). It ruled much of the Arabian Peninsula and had its territory expanded under Salah adDeen al-Ayubi's leadership. Saliih ad-Deen pledged allegiance to the caliph al-Mustadi and upon his death, his son, the caliph Abul- 'Abbiis Ahmad ibn al-Mustadi, also known as an-Nasir li Deen-Illah. Shiite Fatimid Caliph ate - This dynasty began with 'Ubayd-Allah al-Mahdi. He claims descent from 'Ali and Fatimah, the cousin and daughter respectively of the Prophet Muhammad (~). The last ruler of this dynasty was al-' Adid, who was succeeded by Salah ad-Deen as the ruler of Egypt. The Great Seljuk Empire - This Empire of Seljuk Turks was divided into the Sultanate of Rum (Anatolia), the Sultanate of Syria, and the Sultanates of Kerman (Southern Persia) and Hamadan (Western Persia). Sulayman ibn Kutalmish established the Sultanate of Rum. He was a distant cousin of Malikshah, the son of Alp Arslan, the first of the sultans of the entire Seljuk state. Sulayman' s son, Kilij Arslan I, became the Sultan of Rum upon his father's death. Kilij Arslan fought the French and Germans in the first crusade. His Appendix B - Dynasties mentioned in !ialal'}ad-Deen al-Ayubi brother, Malikshah succeeded him. Malikshah was succeeded by Rukn ad-Deen Mas'ood, Kilij Arslan's son, who defeated the Germans in the second crusade. 'Izz ad-Deen Kilij Arslan II became sultan after his father Mas'ood. Kilij Arslan II fought the Byzantine army led by Manuel Komnenos during the second crusade and achieved a decisive victory. He also had conflicts with Salah ad-Deen over territory. Zangid Dynasty - This dynasty branched from the Seljuk Turk dynasty. It reached its extent under Noor ad-Deen Zangi. His father was 'Imad ad-Deen Zangi, the regent of Aleppo and Mosul, and one of the great military leaders of the Seljuk Turks. Noor ad-Deen's brother was Saif ad-Deen Ghazi. Upon Noor ad-Deen's death, his son, al-Malik as-Salih took the reigns until his death when Salah adDeen united Muslim lands under his own leadership. Ayubid Dynasty - This dynasty began with Salah ad-Deen Yusuf ibn Ayub in 570 AH. It paid allegiance to the Abbasid caliphate. Salah ad-Deen was the son of Najm ad-Deen Ayub. Najm ad-Deen and his brother, Asad ad-Deen Shirkuh, both served under Noor adDeen Zangi. The Ayubid family was of Kurdish origin. Crusaders Kingdom of England - William the Conqueror's son, Henry I had a daughter named Matilda the Empress. She married Geoffrey I Plantagenet and their son, Henry II, was the father of the famed Richard the Lionhearted. Richard fought Salah ad-Deen al-Ayubi in the third crusade. The end result of their contest was a draw, with Richard leaving the Middle East. Kingdom of France - King Louis VI's son, Louis VII took part in the second crusade. His son, Philip Augustus, joined forces with

$aldiJ,ad-Deen al-Ayubi Richard the Lionhearted during the third crusade against Salah adDeen. Roman Empire of the German Nation (known as the Holy Roman Empire) - Henry Ill, the King of Germany and the Emperor of the 'Holy' Roman Empire had Henry IV, who was the father of Agnes of Germany. She married Frederick I, Duke of Swabia, and their son Konrad Ill fought in the second crusade against the Seljuk Turks. His brother was Frederick IT, whose son, Frederick Barbarossa, took part in the third crusade against Salah ad-Deen. He drowned in a river while campaigning and his army fled as a result. Byzantine Empire - The line of Byzantine emperors who ruled during, and took part in, the first three crusades is: Alexios I Komnenos, John IT Komnenos (the son of Alexios I), Manuel I Komnenos (son of John IT), Alexios IT Komnenos (son of Manuel I), Andronikos Komnenos (Manuel's cousin and son of Prince Isaac Komnenos), Isaac I Angelos (great grandson of Alexios I). Kingdom of Jerusalem - King Fulk's son Baldwin Ill became king after his father and was succeeded by his brother, Amalric 1.Amalric sided with the Fatimids against Noor ad-Deen Zangi. Amalric's son Baldwin IV, who was a leper, fought Salah ad-Deen in the second crusade. Upon Baldwin IV's death, his nephew Baldwin V became king. He was known as the child-king because he was only 6 years old. He died only a year later and upon his death, Baldwin IV's sister, Sibylla, who was Baldwin the V's mother, insisted that her husband, Guy de Lusignan take over as king. Guy was captured by Salah adDeen at the Battle of Hattin.

Appendix C Map cfi'(ap of the Empire of Salah ad-Deen al-Ayubi (see next page)

Map of the Empire of $ala!:tad-Deen al-Ayubi BLACK SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA FATIMIDS 1\ EMPIRE OF SALAH AD-DEEN AL-AYUBI . . Late 12th century CE (6th century AH)

Glossary of Islamic terms * abu (or abi) \:J.i'y,i adhlin .JI;i ahl as-Sunnah LJI jAi wal-jamd 'ah ~W:-IJ alhamdulilldli •ill .4J...1 Alldhu akbar fi.i ill1 dmeen • T

$atal:tad-Deen al-Ayubi diwdn al-inshd' diwdn al-jaysh ».-1 .:,IJ.) the government department in charge of the army •.w.;)'1 .:,IJ.) the chancery •.l&..) supplication; invocation .:,~ faith; belief in all the six pillars of the creed of Islam ~ lit. festival; the two celebrations: one at the end of Ramadan and the other at the culmination of the Hajj dawn; the obligatory prayer at that time scholar of jurisprudence religious decision or decree Islamic jurisprudence; understanding or interpreting Islamic law lit. trial, temptation; (attempting to sow) discord between Muslims the natural inclination (of humans) instilled by Allah lit. 'unseen'; a term used to denote phenomena or aspects that cannot be known using ordinary human faculties Hadith (hadith) ~...I> the collected statements and actions of Prophet Muhammad (~) that with the Qur' an form the basis of Islamic law hadith (hadith} ~...I> a statement or action of Prophet Muhammad (~) that was remembered and recorded by his Companions and followers du'ii' eemdn Eid ('eed) fajr .r.AJl faqeeh ~ fatwa (Jatwah) op fiqh .w fitnah Q fitrali o~ ghayb ~1

.j~l lit. 'permission'; certificate issued to a scholar that qualifies him/her to teach what s/he has learned from his/her teachers or 'shaykhs' t.l.i:-l consensus: a method of deriving rulings in jurisprudence .)~1 to use one's knowledge of the Quran and the Sunnah to derive rulings on matters not specifically mentioned in either source of Islamic law Glossary of Islamic terms hadith qudsi Al-lfafidh Hajj (hajj} halal (haldl) hariim Hijd; Hijrah ljriqiyah (Ifreeqiyah) ijdzah. ijmd' ijtihdd 'sacred hadith': a hadith communicated to Prophet Muharnmad (~) by Allah, but that is not part of the Qur' an 'the one who has memorized (the Qur' an)': an honorific title the major pilgrimage to the Sacred Mosque, site of the Ka 'bah at Makkah, to be undertaken by every able Muslim once in his/her lifetime permitted according to Islamic law forbidden according to Islamic law the Western region of the Arabian Peninsula that includes Makkah and Madinah migration: esp. the migration from Makkah to Madinah by Prophet Muharnmad (~) and his Companions that marks the start of the Islamic calendar North Africa, including the Maghreb

$ala/:t ad-Deen al-Ayubi in sM'Allah JII"L!, .:,1 God willing iqdmali tou! the call to rise for prayer, given when the prayer is about to begin 'ishd' ,,~ evening; the obligatory prayer at that time isrii' and mi'riij "I.r"~ I the night journey of the Prophet (~) c.1.rJ.IJ from Makkah to Jerusalem and then up to visit heaven i'tikdf ..J~1 seclusion in the mosque solely for the purpose of worship jdhiliyali ~~ lit. 'ignorance'; the age of spiritual darkness before Islam jihad (jihdd) "'~ struggle or striving (in Allah's cause) jinn ,J':" non-human, rational beings created by Allah, often referred to as 'demons' jizyah ~..r.- a tax levied on the people of the Scriptures when they are under the protection of a Muslim government; it is in lieu of the alms tax paid by Muslims jumu'ab ~ Friday; also, the midday congregational prayer of that day ju;' (pl.ajzd') "? a section of the Qur' an equal to one thirtieth of the text Kaaba (Ka'bah] ~I the House of Allah in Makkah, originally built by Prophets Ibraheem and Isma'eel Khaleefah * Caliph; head of the Islamic state (pl. Khulafa') Glossary of Islamic terms Al-Khulafii' ar- •.W-I Riishidoon .JJ...I..!.I)I khutbali kufr .;s:J1 la ildha illa •.ill1J1 .01 ~ Allah madh-hab ~.l. Maghreb ",:".;11 maghrib al-Masjid al-Aqsd al-Masjid al-Hardm minbar the four 'Rightly-guided Caliphs' who governed after the death of the Prophet (~) sermon or speech; specifically, the sermon given during the Friday congregational prayer disbelief in Allah and/or what He has revealed there is none worthy of worship other than Allah school of juristic thought the region that includes Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria sunset; the obligatory prayer at that time the 'Farthest Mosque', mentioned in the Qur' an (17: 1) the Sacred Mosque in Makkah where the Kaaba is situated raised pulpit in a mosque from which sermons are presented; The pulpit in a mosque is different from that in a church. The pulpit in a mosque is basically a raised platform at the top of a set of steps, and it usually has a railing for the imam or speaker to lean on. This is why one can speak of 'sitting on the pulpit', and 'ascending the pulpit'.

$alli/J ad-Deen al-Ayubi muezzin .:",;.,;.- caller to prayer; one who makes the (mu' adh-dhin) adhan mufassir ..rk one who engages in tafseer, i.e., one (pi: mufassiroon) who interprets the Quran mufti ~ a learned person qualified to issue a derived ruling from revealed sources muhaddith .!.J~ one who memorizes and relates hadiths; one who studies hadiths Muhiijiroon ':"J?~ lit. emigrants (of any kind); in Islamic (or Muhdjireen) discourse this term is used to refer to people who emigrate to safeguard their religion, and specifically, the Muslims who migrated with Prophet Muhammad (~) from Makkah to Madinah mujaddid .)~ renewer mujiihid .AA>~ one who strives in the way of Allah; a (pl. mujiihideen} fighter in jihad mujtahid ~ a person qualified to exercise ijtihad (pi. mujtahideen) mujtahidoon .:r.~ Scholars who use their knowledge of the Quran and the Sunnah to derive rulings on matters not specifically mentioned in either source of Islamic law; i.e., they practice ijtihad mus-haf ~ copy of the Arabic text of the Qur' an that is neither accompanied by commentary nor translated mutawdtir ;Ip a category of hadith describing narrations that are related by a group of Glossary of Islamic terms upright and trustworthy narrators who also related from a group of upright and trustworthy narrators, and so on, until the narration ends at the Prophet (~) ll:All the bearing from the Kaaba to any point on Earth; the direction that all Muslims must face in prayer .ry analogy: a method of deriving rulings in jurisprudence qiblah (qiblah) qiyiis raka'ah (pl. raka'iit) 4.$.) Ramadan (Ramaddn) salaj seerah Shariah (Shariah] shaykh shirk surah or soorat subhdn Allah Sunnah a unit of the formal prayer (salah) the ninth month in the Islamic calendar; the month of obligatory fasting the pious predecessors: the earliest generations of the righteous followers of Islam formal prayer: a combination of physical postures, recitation and supplication biography Islamic law derived from the Quran and the Sunnah teacher, mentor; scholar associating partners with Allah chapter of the Qur' an glory be to Allah the practice and collected sayings of Prophet Muhammad (~) that together with the Qur' an forms the basis of Islamic law

fjaliil} ad-Deen al-Ayubi tiibi'oon oJ.J""! 1;.)1 those who knew or met any of the (sg. tdbi'ee) Companions and transmitted hadiths from them tafseer ~ exegesis: commentary, or explanation of the meanings (usu. of Qur'anic verses) takbeer ~ the act of saying Alldhu akbar taqwii -S".a::J1 fearful awareness of Allah; being mindful of Allah; pious dedication; being careful not to transgress the bounds set by Allah tawdf "';1;' circumambulation of the Ka 'bah tawdtur Af see mutawdtir ta' weel j-Jt. interpretation; altering the definition of some concept in order to suit one's own purpose tawhid ..1.:>.,:)1 the Oneness of Allah: that He alone deserves to be worshipped and that He has no partners Ummah ;.;;i community or nation: usu. used to refer to the entire global community of Muslims 'umrali 0rsa minor, non-obligatory pilgrimage to Makkah usool al-fiqh oI.A4Jl J~i principles of Islamic jurisprudence walee ~J friend and helper (of Allah); sometimes used to describe a pious person to whom was ascribed saintly qualities after his death -

'--:'~ pre-Islamic name of the town that became known as Madinah, where the Islamic state was established after the Hijrah obligatory charity: an 'alms tax' on wealth payable by Muslims and to be distributed to other Muslims who qualify as recipients obligatory charity at the end of the fast of Ramadan, payable in kind the blessed spring of water that Allah caused to gush out at baby Isma'eel's feet; located near the Ka 'bah Glossary of Islamic terms Yathrib zakdt .l.S'j (zakdh. or zakdt) zakdt al-fitr Zamzam ---------- u