Appendix A Timeline of Major Events

Appendix A Timeline of Major Events 296 AH: 'Ubayd-Allah al-Mahdi sets up Shiite Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa death of Abul Hasan al-Ash'ari — the scholar whose Sunni beliefs were followed by the Ayubid state 358 AH: Fatimids enter Egypt 443 AH: Demise of Fatimid State in North Africa title of Manzikert —Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan deals a blow to the Byzantine forces AH: The Bat 479 AH: The Battle of Sagrajas — Almoravids victory against Spanish Christians in Andalusia 488 AH: Pope Urban IPs speech that roused support for the first crusade Beginning of the first crusade 490 AH: Franks seize Antioch 492 AH: Jerusalem occupied by Crusaders tle of Merzifon — Seljuk Turks victory over the Crusaders AH: The Bat 494 AH: The first Battle of Heraclea — William, Count of Nevers, was dealt a total loss by the Seljuk Turks The second Battle of Heraclea — French and German armies led by William IX Duke of Aquitaine and Welf IV Duke of Bavaria are defeated by the Seljuks. 497 AH: The Battle of Balikh — The Principality of Antioch and the County of Edessa under Crusader rule fought against the Seljuk Turks. The outcome was victory for the Muslims. 500 AH: The death of Kilij Arslan, the ruler of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 513 AH: The Battle of Ager Sanguinis (The Field of Blood) — Muslim victory over the Crusaders. The sheer amount of deaths on the side of the Crusaders inspired the name, 'Field of Blood.' 532 AH: The birth of Salah Ad Deen Al – Ayubi 539 AH: The conquest of Edessa by Imad ad Deen Zangi Jacobite Bishop Basil handed the city over to Zangi after 30 days of siege. 542 AH: Beginning of 2nd Crusade The Seljuks destroy the German army — Sultan Mas'ood, Emir of the Seljuks of Rum, handed defeat to the Germans under Konrad III. 543 AH: Muslim victory of Damascus against Frankish forces of King Louis VII AH: Noor a 559 AH: -Deen Zangi's first campaign against Egypt — to secure Egypt from Fatimid control (Salah ad-Deen, at age 17, joined this venture) adDeen Zangi's second campaign against Egypt — Shawar, vizier of Cairo, sought help from Amalric I, King of Jerusalem agains Noor ad-Deen, but help did not come and Noor ad-Deen took control of western part of the country. 562 AH: The Battle of Babayn — The Franks and the Egyptians were defeated by the cunning military expertise of Noor ad-Deen's commander, Salah ad-Deen's uncle, Asad ad-Deen Shirkuh. The siege of Alexandria — Asad ad-Deen gained control without fighting. Salah ad-Deen appointed deputy in Alexandria 564 AH: Noor ad-Deen Zangi's third campaign against Egypt resulting in control of Egypt by Noor ad-Deen. Salah ad-Deen becomes vizier in Cairo 565 AH: The siege of Damietta — Franks besiege the city and Salah ad-Deen defends it ending in the defeat of the Franks. 567 AH: The death of the Fatimid ruler of Egypt, al-'Adid Abolishment of the Shiite Fatimid Caliphate Salah ad-Deen becomes ruler of Egypt Revival of Abbasid caliphate by Salah ad-Deen 568 AH: The death of Najm ad-Deen Ayub, Salah ad-Deen's father 569 AH: The death of Noor ad-Deen Zangi Salah ad-Deen conquers Yemen 570 AH: The Ayubid state begins First Shiite attempt to assassinate Salah ad-Deen 570572 AH: Crusader raids against Salah ad-Deen's posssession 571 AH: Peace deal between Salah ad-Deen and the Crusaders. Salah ad-Deen's annexation of Damascus. Second Shiite attempt to assassinate Salah ad-Deen 573 AH: Battle of ar-Ramlah — Salah ad-Deen was defeated by Reynald de Chatillon. 575 AH: The death of the Abbasid caliph al-Mustadi bi AmrIllah The Battle of Tell al-Qadi — Victory by Salah adDeen over Raymond III and Baldwin IV. Truce between Salah ad-Deen and Baldwin IV calling for 2 years of peace 576 AH: The death of the scholar Hafidh Abul-Tahir as-Salafi al-Asbahani Salah ad-Deen enters Armenia 577 AH: The death of al-Malik as-Salih, the son of Noor adDeen Zangi 578 AH: Andronikos Komnenos becomes emperor of Byzantine state 579 AH: Salah ad-Deen's annexation of Aleppo 581 AH: Salah ad-Deen's annexation of Mosul Isaac Angelos becomes emperor of Byzantine state upon Komnenos' deposition and death 582 AH: Astrologers foretold that the world would end this year. The death of Baldwin V, which led to internal conflict between princes for the throne of Jerusalem Reynald de Chatillon breaks truce with Salah ad-Deen 583 AH: The Battle of Hattin — Salah ad-Deen's decisive victory over the Crusaders in which the King of Jerusalem, Guy de Lusignan was captured as well as Reynald de Chatillon, who was beheaded for his treachery -The Battle of Sephoria — Huge losses for the Crusaders dealt by Salah ad-Deen -The Liberation of Jerusalem by Salah ad-Deen -The siege of Tyre — Salah ad-Deen besieged the city but the King, Conrad de Montferrat, had fortifications and would not surrender, resulting in Salah ad-Deen lifting the siege. 585 AH: The death of 'Abd-Allah Ibn Abi 'Asroon, scholar judge under Salah ad-Deen. Beginning of the third crusade as a result of the loss at Hattin and the loss of Jerusalem Germans enter Armenia 586 AH: Death of German Emperor, Fredrick Barbarossa, resulting in the fleeing of the Germans Crusaders besiege Acre 587 AH: The fall of Acre to the kings of England and France, Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus. The Battle of Arsuf — Between Richard the Lionhearted and Salah ad-Deen resulting in victory for Salah ad-Deen The Destruction of Ascalon by Salah ad-Deen so that the Crusaders could not take it 588 AH: The Battle of Jaffa — Salah ad-Deen attacked Jaffa, the headquarters of the Crusaders, when Richard the Lionheart was absent. The Muslims took the city and the Crusaders had to seek a peace deal. The Treaty of ar-Ramlah — Between Richard the Lionheart and Salah ad-Deen; Richard leaves the Middle East for England.