Chapter 12 of 988 min read

1. The Qur’an

١. القرآن الكريم

h1 i% + * j >, 7 L ) k Dl & `?"6 @ M" 3m"e 8"6dQ7 F 8"6 `?"6 @ `7 ,; = ( M 3G 7 01 /a $`? & n* @ i% (i ./- / $ o Allah says [in Surah anNahl]: “And (remember) the Day when We shall raise up from every nation a witness against them from amongst themselves. And We shall bring you (O Muhammad SAW) as a witness against these. And We have sent down to you the Book (the Quran) as an exposition of everything, a guidance, a mercy, and glad tidings for those who have submitted themselves (to Allâh as Muslims)” (alQur’an 16:89). = ( M"A 3 G7 7"A ( ; k B p /" "q3 8 (V Fr V" `/T [ ."3RE :i Allah says [in Surah anNisa]: “Surely, We have sent down to you (O Muhammad SAW) the Book (this Qur'ân) in truth that you might judge between men by that which Allâh has shown you (i.e. has taught you through Divine Inspiration), so be not a pleader for the treacherous” (alQur’an 4:105). - The Qur’an was sent down to rule by, not just for barakah. Definition of the Qur’an as a Source of Legislation • The book revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (saw) in the Arabic language; the speech of Allah; the miracle that was set up for challenge; that which through its recitation Allah is worshipped. It was transmitted to us through chains of Tawatur (abundant number) which starts in its order with Surah al-Fatihah and ends with Surah an-Naas. The portion of the definition referring to Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) excludes all other books. The portion of the definition referring to Arabic excludes translations of the Qur’an. A challenge was put forth to make something similar to one surah, but no one could. This challenge is still in effect until this day. The portion of the definition referring to Tawatur provides security and authenticity so that the Qur’an is not subject to error. The portion of the definition that states that the Qur’an ends with Surah an-Naas excludes “Surah alWilaya” made by the Shi’a to support Ali as the Prophet’s (Peace be upon him) successor.

It also excludes those who try to put the surahs in chronological order. The Method of Tashree’ in the Qur’an • The dispersion of revelation over the course of 23 years. This dispersion of ayaat gave the Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) firmness and resolve because when certain situations arose, ayaat were sent down. • Initiating new codes of law not previously known in Arab culture. Qabeelat Tayybah TCE Notes Revolution 19 Arabs had never before heard of inheritance laws. The inheritors would race to the house of the deceased and whoever reaches it first and throws his thawb in would inherit everything in the house, including his stepmothers. Allah ordained the inheritors and their set portions 8 +2k * B 8 (s ) " 3O t -"7 + '"u " N7Uv iw a %N " +! x 7+ '"A p ; N O 6 yTF3 6 0_ ?a '+ '"A p ; / q ?H- / 63F h?a i% ( ) ^v 9 O" g? ( ) 8 '"u g? j zN FU{ 6" *s ) h1s ?> q ?H- FU{ P_ ["A '+ '"u 8 6H) ' ? ; k 8 + X3 8 + XE Q 7 `/( a / '+ B '"A B F 01 Z) Allah says [in Surah anNisa]: “Allah commands you as regards your children’s (inheritance); to the male, a portion equal to that of two females; if (there are) only daughters, two or more, their share is two thirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is half. For parents, a sixth share of inheritance to each if the deceased left children; if no children, and the parents are the (only) heirs, the mother has a third; if the deceased left brothers or (sisters), the mother has a sixth. (The distribution in all cases is) after the payment of legacies he may have bequeathed or debts.

You know not which of them, whether your parents or your children, are nearest to you in benefit, (these fixed shares) are ordained by Allah. And Allah is Ever All Knower, All Wise” (alQur’an 4:11). • Explaining the ruling of unprecedented events. Dealt with interaction with non-Muslims. Dealt with codes of warthe Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) was the first to line up soldiers on the battlefield). • Answering questions Allah revealed the answers to questions posed by Sahabah in the Qur’an. Answers about wine, gambling, menstruation, etc. • Establishing the rule of abrogation and amendment Amending laws can be partial or complete. For example: the gradual prohibition of alcohol. Also, the ‘iddah of a widow used to be one year before Islam. As a mercy from Allah, the Qur’an amended this to 4 months and 10 days.

Humaid bin Nafi' narrated: “Zainab bint Abu Salama told me these three narrations: Zainab said: I went to Um Habiba, the wife of the Prophet when her father, AbuSufyan bin Herb had died. Um Habiba asked for a perfume which contained yellow scent (Khaluq) or some other scent, and she first perfumed one of the girls with it and then rubbed her cheeks with it and said, "By Allah, I am not in need of perfume, but I have heard Allah's Apostle saying, 'It is not lawful for a lady who believes in Allah and the Last Day to mourn for a dead person for more than three days unless he is her husband for whom she should mourn for four months and ten days.' " Zainab further said: I want to Zainab bint Jahsh when her brother died. She asked for perfume and used some of it and said, "By Allah, I am not in need of perfume, but I have heard Allah's Apostle saying on the pulpit, 'It is not lawful for a lady who believes in Allah and the last day to mourn for more than three days except for her husband for whom she should mourn for four months and ten days.' " Zainab further said, "I heard my mother, Um Salama saying that a woman came to Allah's Apostle and said, "O Allah's Apostle! The husband of my daughter has Qabeelat Tayybah TCE Notes Revolution 20 died and she is suffering from an eye disease, can she apply kohl to her eye?" Allah's Apostle replied, "No," twice or thrice. (Every time she repeated her question) he said, "No." Then Allah's Apostle added, "It is just a matter of four months and ten days.

In the Pre-Islamic Period of ignorance a widow among you should throw a globe of dung when one year has elapsed." I said to Zainab, "What does 'throwing a globe of dung when one year had elapsed' mean?" Zainab said, "When a lady was bereaved of her husband, she would live in a wretched small room and put on the worst clothes she had and would not touch any scent till one year had elapsed. Then she would bring an animal, e.g. a donkey, a sheep or a bird and rub her body against it. The animal against which she would rub her body would scarcely survive. Only then she would come out of her room, whereupon she would be given a globe of dung which she would throw away and then she would use the scent she liked or the like" (alBukhari) The General Content of the Qur’an • Information related to faith and belief (surah 112 Al-Ikhlaas) % Kۡ & | g? a ) ( | | ? /T ) ( 8 ۡ ? ) ۡ 8 ۡ ? ) ۡ) ( 8 ۡ ( ) Q ` + ۥ a ? ۢ )4 ( “Say (O Muhammad (Peace be upon him)): "He is Allah, (the) One. Allah-us-Samad (The Self-Sufficient Master, Whom all creatures need, He neither eats nor drinks).

He begets not, nor was He begotten. And there is none co-equal or comparable unto Him” (alQur’an 112:1-4) • Information related to moral principles and justice (surah 49 Al-Hujuraat) 3 '"A Ff F 0~N+ ,"3 HV ) `Z> 8 ( Z> \ ) -- b ; % +5 ) ' 8 + ? a g= ; '"A ; 9 / &" ( ` [ 8V g8a “O you who believe! Avoid much suspicions, indeed some suspicions are sins. And spy not, neither backbite one another. Would one of you like to eat the flesh of his dead brother?

You would hate it (so hate backbiting). And fear Allah. Verily, Allah is the One Who accepts repentance, Most Merciful” (alQur’an 49:12). • Related to deeds and actions, commands and prohibitions. • Related to the seerah and history. Some scholars say this is matter of faith because we never met the Prophets. The Legal Content in the Qur’an

Chapter 12 of 988 min read

1. The Qur’an

١. القرآن الكريم

h1 i% + * j >, 7 L ) k Dl & `?"6 @ M" 3m"e 8"6dQ7 F 8"6 `?"6 @ `7 ,; = ( M 3G 7 01 /a $`? & n* @ i% (i ./- / $ o Allah says [in Surah anNahl]: “And (remember) the Day when We shall raise up from every nation a witness against them from amongst themselves. And We shall bring you (O Muhammad SAW) as a witness against these. And We have sent down to you the Book (the Quran) as an exposition of everything, a guidance, a mercy, and glad tidings for those who have submitted themselves (to Allâh as Muslims)” (alQur’an 16:89). = ( M"A 3 G7 7"A ( ; k B p /" "q3 8 (V Fr V" `/T [ ."3RE :i Allah says [in Surah anNisa]: “Surely, We have sent down to you (O Muhammad SAW) the Book (this Qur'ân) in truth that you might judge between men by that which Allâh has shown you (i.e. has taught you through Divine Inspiration), so be not a pleader for the treacherous” (alQur’an 4:105). - The Qur’an was sent down to rule by, not just for barakah. Definition of the Qur’an as a Source of Legislation • The book revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (saw) in the Arabic language; the speech of Allah; the miracle that was set up for challenge; that which through its recitation Allah is worshipped. It was transmitted to us through chains of Tawatur (abundant number) which starts in its order with Surah al-Fatihah and ends with Surah an-Naas. The portion of the definition referring to Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) excludes all other books. The portion of the definition referring to Arabic excludes translations of the Qur’an. A challenge was put forth to make something similar to one surah, but no one could. This challenge is still in effect until this day. The portion of the definition referring to Tawatur provides security and authenticity so that the Qur’an is not subject to error. The portion of the definition that states that the Qur’an ends with Surah an-Naas excludes “Surah alWilaya” made by the Shi’a to support Ali as the Prophet’s (Peace be upon him) successor.

It also excludes those who try to put the surahs in chronological order. The Method of Tashree’ in the Qur’an • The dispersion of revelation over the course of 23 years. This dispersion of ayaat gave the Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) firmness and resolve because when certain situations arose, ayaat were sent down. • Initiating new codes of law not previously known in Arab culture. Qabeelat Tayybah TCE Notes Revolution 19 Arabs had never before heard of inheritance laws. The inheritors would race to the house of the deceased and whoever reaches it first and throws his thawb in would inherit everything in the house, including his stepmothers. Allah ordained the inheritors and their set portions 8 +2k * B 8 (s ) " 3O t -"7 + '"u " N7Uv iw a %N " +! x 7+ '"A p ; N O 6 yTF3 6 0_ ?a '+ '"A p ; / q ?H- / 63F h?a i% ( ) ^v 9 O" g? ( ) 8 '"u g? j zN FU{ 6" *s ) h1s ?> q ?H- FU{ P_ ["A '+ '"u 8 6H) ' ? ; k 8 + X3 8 + XE Q 7 `/( a / '+ B '"A B F 01 Z) Allah says [in Surah anNisa]: “Allah commands you as regards your children’s (inheritance); to the male, a portion equal to that of two females; if (there are) only daughters, two or more, their share is two thirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is half. For parents, a sixth share of inheritance to each if the deceased left children; if no children, and the parents are the (only) heirs, the mother has a third; if the deceased left brothers or (sisters), the mother has a sixth. (The distribution in all cases is) after the payment of legacies he may have bequeathed or debts.

You know not which of them, whether your parents or your children, are nearest to you in benefit, (these fixed shares) are ordained by Allah. And Allah is Ever All Knower, All Wise” (alQur’an 4:11). • Explaining the ruling of unprecedented events. Dealt with interaction with non-Muslims. Dealt with codes of warthe Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) was the first to line up soldiers on the battlefield). • Answering questions Allah revealed the answers to questions posed by Sahabah in the Qur’an. Answers about wine, gambling, menstruation, etc. • Establishing the rule of abrogation and amendment Amending laws can be partial or complete. For example: the gradual prohibition of alcohol. Also, the ‘iddah of a widow used to be one year before Islam. As a mercy from Allah, the Qur’an amended this to 4 months and 10 days.

Humaid bin Nafi' narrated: “Zainab bint Abu Salama told me these three narrations: Zainab said: I went to Um Habiba, the wife of the Prophet when her father, AbuSufyan bin Herb had died. Um Habiba asked for a perfume which contained yellow scent (Khaluq) or some other scent, and she first perfumed one of the girls with it and then rubbed her cheeks with it and said, "By Allah, I am not in need of perfume, but I have heard Allah's Apostle saying, 'It is not lawful for a lady who believes in Allah and the Last Day to mourn for a dead person for more than three days unless he is her husband for whom she should mourn for four months and ten days.' " Zainab further said: I want to Zainab bint Jahsh when her brother died. She asked for perfume and used some of it and said, "By Allah, I am not in need of perfume, but I have heard Allah's Apostle saying on the pulpit, 'It is not lawful for a lady who believes in Allah and the last day to mourn for more than three days except for her husband for whom she should mourn for four months and ten days.' " Zainab further said, "I heard my mother, Um Salama saying that a woman came to Allah's Apostle and said, "O Allah's Apostle! The husband of my daughter has Qabeelat Tayybah TCE Notes Revolution 20 died and she is suffering from an eye disease, can she apply kohl to her eye?" Allah's Apostle replied, "No," twice or thrice. (Every time she repeated her question) he said, "No." Then Allah's Apostle added, "It is just a matter of four months and ten days.

In the Pre-Islamic Period of ignorance a widow among you should throw a globe of dung when one year has elapsed." I said to Zainab, "What does 'throwing a globe of dung when one year had elapsed' mean?" Zainab said, "When a lady was bereaved of her husband, she would live in a wretched small room and put on the worst clothes she had and would not touch any scent till one year had elapsed. Then she would bring an animal, e.g. a donkey, a sheep or a bird and rub her body against it. The animal against which she would rub her body would scarcely survive. Only then she would come out of her room, whereupon she would be given a globe of dung which she would throw away and then she would use the scent she liked or the like" (alBukhari) The General Content of the Qur’an • Information related to faith and belief (surah 112 Al-Ikhlaas) % Kۡ & | g? a ) ( | | ? /T ) ( 8 ۡ ? ) ۡ 8 ۡ ? ) ۡ) ( 8 ۡ ( ) Q ` + ۥ a ? ۢ )4 ( “Say (O Muhammad (Peace be upon him)): "He is Allah, (the) One. Allah-us-Samad (The Self-Sufficient Master, Whom all creatures need, He neither eats nor drinks).

He begets not, nor was He begotten. And there is none co-equal or comparable unto Him” (alQur’an 112:1-4) • Information related to moral principles and justice (surah 49 Al-Hujuraat) 3 '"A Ff F 0~N+ ,"3 HV ) `Z> 8 ( Z> \ ) -- b ; % +5 ) ' 8 + ? a g= ; '"A ; 9 / &" ( ` [ 8V g8a “O you who believe! Avoid much suspicions, indeed some suspicions are sins. And spy not, neither backbite one another. Would one of you like to eat the flesh of his dead brother?

You would hate it (so hate backbiting). And fear Allah. Verily, Allah is the One Who accepts repentance, Most Merciful” (alQur’an 49:12). • Related to deeds and actions, commands and prohibitions. • Related to the seerah and history. Some scholars say this is matter of faith because we never met the Prophets. The Legal Content in the Qur’an