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Clear filter...Ababil) carrying stones of baked clay that decimated the invaders. The lead elephant, Mahmud, refused to advance toward th...
Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, the father of Prophet Muhammad, died in Yathrib (Medina) while returning from a trading jo...
Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was born in Mecca on a Monday, the 12th of Rabi al-Awwal ...
...althier upbringing and pure Arabic speech, the infant Muhammad was given to Halimah bint Abi Dhu'ayb of Banu Sa'd. She ini...
While the young Muhammad was playing with other children among Banu Sa'd, two angels...
Aminah bint Wahb, the mother of Prophet Muhammad, died at al-Abwa on the road between Mecca and Medina while...
...et's grandfather, died in Mecca at the age of about 82. He had been the chief of Quraysh, guardian of Zamzam, and custodia...
At the age of twelve, Muhammad accompanied his uncle Abu Talib on a trading caravan to Syr...
...sacred months, hence called 'sacrilegious.' The young Muhammad, about 20 years old, participated by collecting arrows for ...
...e justice regardless of tribal affiliation. The young Muhammad participated and later said: 'I witnessed a pact in the hou...
Before their marriage, Khadijah hired Muhammad to lead her trade caravan to Syria based...
At the age of 25, Muhammad married Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, a wealthy and respected me...
When Muhammad was about 35, the Ka'bah was damaged by flooding and the Qu...
In the years before prophethood, Muhammad regularly retreated to Cave Hira on Jabal al-Nur (Mountain ...
Angel Jibreel appeared to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in Cave Hira on Mount Nur during the month of Ramadan. He...
After the first revelation, the Prophet returned to Khadijah trembling and she comforted him with her famous words: ...
...ed people to Islam secretly. The first believers included Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, Ali ibn Abi Talib (...
...ded with hostility, prompting the revelation of Surah al-Masad.
...on his chest under the scorching sun, but Bilal repeated 'Ahad, Ahad' (One, One). Abu Bakr purchased and freed him. The fa...
...to Mecca. The Quraysh warned him against listening to Muhammad, and he stuffed cotton in his ears. Despite this, he heard ...
... just Christian king, Negus (an-Najashi). About 15 Muslims made this first migration, including Uthman ibn Affan and his w...
...sister and seeing her bleed, he felt remorse and asked to read the verses. Moved by their beauty, he went to the Prophet a...
...u Hashim and Banu al-Muttalib, drafting a document that forbade marriage, trade, and social interaction with them. The Mus...
... 40 years, fell gravely ill. The Prophet visited him and pleaded: 'O uncle, say La ilaha ill-Allah, a statement with which...
Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, the Prophet's first wife and the first ...
The Prophet ﷺ lost both his beloved wife Khadijah and his uncle and protector Abu Talib within weeks of e...
...d ibn Harithah seeking support from the Thaqif tribe. The leaders rejected him and incited street urchins and slaves to st...
Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was taken on a miraculous night journey from Masjid al-Ha...
...ained no military clauses, opened the door for Islam to spread in Medina.
...rophet ﷺ sent Mus'ab ibn Umayr to Medina as the first ambassador and teacher of Islam. Mus'ab stayed with As'ad ibn Zurara...
...-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib attended as a witness though he had not yet accepted Islam.
... began migrating to Medina, the Quraysh convened at Dar al-Nadwah to decide the Prophet's fate. Abu Jahl proposed that one...
...t reception. The Ansar (Helpers) came out singing 'Tala'al-Badru Alayna' (The full moon has risen upon us). Every clan inv...
...l, a court, a community center, and the seat of government. Adjoining rooms were built for the Prophet's family. The Suffa...
...ophet ﷺ established the Constitution of Medina (Sahifat al-Madinah), a formal charter between the Muslim community, Jewish...
...reported a dream in which a man taught him the words of the adhan. Umar confirmed he had seen a similar vision. The Prophe...
...nd year of Hijrah, Allah prescribed fasting the month of Ramadan as an obligation upon the Muslim community through the re...
...n the second year of Hijrah, though the concept of charity had been mentioned in Meccan revelations. The specific rates we...
...uran (286 verses), was revealed over a period in Medina. It addresses a wide range of legislation: prayer, fasting, Hajj, ...
...in the cemetery of al-Baqi'. The Prophet ﷺ kissed his forehead as he lay dead and wept. He placed a stone marker on his gr...
... and approximately 1,000 Qurayshi fighters at the wells of Badr. Despite being outnumbered three to one, the Muslims achie...
...e of Uthman ibn Affan, died in Medina during the Battle of Badr. She had been gravely ill, and Uthman stayed behind to car...
After the victory at Badr, Banu Qaynuqa, a Jewish tribe of goldsmiths and armorers i...
...phet's lineage continues. The Prophet called Fatimah 'the leader of the women of Paradise.'
... The Prophet performed the aqiqah (sacrifice), shaved his head, and gave charity equal to the weight of his hair in silver...
...h returned with 3,000 fighters led by Abu Sufyan to avenge Badr. The Prophet positioned 700 Muslims at the foot of Mount U...
...Hind bint Utbah if he killed Hamza to avenge her father at Badr. Hind mutilated Hamza's body, chewing his liver. When the ...
...mah. The Prophet performed the aqiqah and named him, as he had done with al-Hasan. The Prophet said of both grandsons: 'Th...
Banu Nadir, a Jewish tribe of date-palm farmers, conspired to assass...
...ibn al-Mu'attal. The chief hypocrite Abdullah ibn Ubayy spread a vile accusation against Aisha's honor. For an entire mont...
...rovided detailed guidance on lowering the gaze and covering adornments. These verses established Islamic norms of modesty.
...of 10,000 fighters, organized by Huyayy ibn Akhtab of Banu Nadir and led by Abu Sufyan, besieged Medina. On Salman al-Fars...
... the Trench, the Prophet marched against Banu Qurayza, who had broken their treaty by conspiring with the Confederates to ...
Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, chief of the Aws tribe and one of the most prominent Ansa...
Zaynab bint Jahsh had been married to Zayd ibn Harithah, the Prophet's adopted so...
...'a manifest victory' (48:1). The peace allowed Islam to spread rapidly without military barriers.
During the Hudaybiyyah negotiations, a rumor spread that the Quraysh had killed the Muslim envoy Uthman ibn Aff...
...ablished peace, the Prophet ﷺ sent letters inviting world leaders to Islam. He had a silver seal ring made inscribed 'Muha...
... the Jewish fortress complex of Khaybar, whose inhabitants had been organizing military coalitions against the Muslims. Th...
... and 2,000 Muslims entered Mecca to perform the Umrah they had been prevented from the previous year. The Quraysh evacuate...
Khalid ibn al-Walid, the military genius who had turned the tide at Uhud against the Muslims, traveled to Me...
... to confront the Ghassanids and their Byzantine allies who had killed his envoy al-Harith ibn Umayr. He appointed three co...
... companions asked him to curse the people of Ta'if. He instead prayed: 'O Allah, guide Thaqif and bring them to Islam.' Wi...
...he Ansar were troubled that they received less. The Prophet addressed them: 'Are you not satisfied that people go home wit...
...ts indicated a massive Byzantine force was assembling to invade Arabia. The hypocrites made excuses to stay behind, and th...
...ibn Malik, Murarah ibn al-Rabi, and Hilal ibn Umayyah, who had stayed behind from Tabuk without excuse, were boycotted by ...
... community and as a base for Abu Amir al-Rahib, a monk who had allied with the Byzantines. They invited the Prophet to pra...
...jran Christians, and the kings of Yemen and Oman. Islam spread peacefully across the peninsula as tribal leaders recognize...
The Prophet appointed Abu Bakr to lead 300 Muslims in the Hajj pilgrimage while he remained in Med...
...an-Najashi), the righteous Christian king of Abyssinia who had sheltered the Muslim refugees, died in the ninth year of Hi...
...of Uthman ibn Affan, died in the ninth year of Hijrah. She had married Uthman after the death of her sister Ruqayyah. The ...
..., but we say only what pleases our Lord. O Ibrahim, we are saddened by your departure.' A solar eclipse occurred that day,...
The Prophet ﷺ performed his only Hajj, with over 100,000 Muslims joining him. He taught every ritual of Hajj by example, saying: 'Take your Hajj rites from me,
On the Day of Arafat, the Prophet ﷺ delivered his monumental Farewell Sermon to over 100,000 people. He declared the sanctity of life, property, and honor; abol
...rophet's mission and life. A Jewish scholar told Umar that had such a verse been revealed to them, they would have made th...
...ess of which was chronologically last, the revelation that had continued for 23 years came to its close.
...he Prophet ﷺ appointed the 18-year-old Usamah ibn Zayd to lead an army to southern Palestine to avenge the martyrdom of hi...
...hand could feel the heat through a cloth. He continued to lead prayers when able, and when too weak, appointed Abu Bakr to...
...in his illness, the Prophet ﷺ entered the mosque with his head bandaged, supported between Ali and al-Abbas. He addressed ...
... Monday in Medina in the room of his wife Aisha, with his head resting on her lap. His last words included: 'With the high...
... in the Haram to uncover the ancient well of Zamzam, which had been buried and lost for centuries since the time of the Ju...
...the youngest son of Abd al-Muttalib, chief of Quraysh, and had narrowly escaped being sacrificed by his father to fulfill ...
...ld even a goat-rope, I will fight them for it.' Under his leadership, the Riddah Wars reunified Arabia and the Muslim conq...
...o victory, but 700 Muslims were martyred including many huffadh. This prompted Abu Bakr to commission the first compilatio...
Umar's decade as caliph saw the greatest territorial expansion in Islami...
...i Waqqas and the Sassanid Persian army under Rustam Farrokhzad. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the Muslims won after t...
Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan established the Umayyad dynasty in Damascus after the death of Ali. The Umayyads ex...
...en called the fifth Rightly Guided Caliph. He reversed Umayyad excesses, stopped the cursing of Ali from pulpits, redistri...
Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed the strait with 7,000 soldiers and defeated the Vis...
.... This battle marked the furthest extent of Muslim military advance into Western Europe, though its historical significanc...
The Abbasid movement overthrew the Umayyad caliphate, establishing a new dynasty that moved the capita...
Caliph al-Mansur built Baghdad as the new Abbasid capital, calling it Madinat al-Salam (Ci...
...the Bayt al-Hikmah into a major intellectual center in Baghdad. Scholars translated Greek, Persian, and Indian works into ...
...universities. Transformed into a Sunni institution by Salah ad-Din, it remains the most prestigious center of Sunni Islami...
European Crusaders captured Jerusalem after a month-long siege, massacring ...
After his decisive victory at the Battle of Hattin, Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders. Unli...
Hulagu Khan's Mongol army sacked Baghdad, killing Caliph al-Musta'sim and an estimated hundreds of t...
The last Muslim kingdom in Spain, Granada, surrendered to Ferdinand and Isabella. Sultan Abu Abdulla...
Sultan Muhammad al-Fatih conquered Constantinople at age 21, fulfilling the...
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab allied with Muhammad ibn Saud to establis...
Scholars Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi established the De...
... transformed access to Islamic knowledge. Online platforms made sacred texts freely accessible worldwide. Mobile apps for ...
...ict marked the first major civil war (fitnah) in Islam and had lasting consequences for the Muslim community.
...ned sword of the Kharijite Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muljam while leading Fajr prayer at the mosque of Kufa. He died two days late...
Imam Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari completed his monumental hadith colle...
... completed his Sahih, considered the second most authentic hadith collection. He selected approximately 7,500 hadith from ...
...founder of the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, died in Baghdad. Known as al-Imam al-A'zam (the Greatest Imam), his school ...
...l-Muwatta is considered the earliest extant compilation of hadith and fiqh. The Maliki school became predominant in North ...
Imam Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi'i, who revolutionized Islamic legal the...
Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, who endured imprisonment and torture during the...
...testing scholars and imprisoning those who refused. Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal famously resisted, enduring flogging and impriso...
Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali, known as Hujjat al-Islam (Proof of Islam), died...
Salahuddin al-Ayyubi decisively defeated the Crusader armies at the Horns of Hattin near Lake Tiberias. The Mus...
...ule Egypt and Syria for over 250 years, stopping the Mongol advance at Ain Jalut, recapturing the remaining Crusader fortr...
Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah died in the citadel prison of Damascus, where he had been imprisoned for his ...
Muslim traders and scholars gradually brought Islam to the Malay Archip...
Islam spread across West Africa through trans-Saharan trade routes and s...
Caliph al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik completed the Great Mosque of Damascus, one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. Built on the site of a Roman temple
...Jerusalem. Built over the rock from which the Prophet Muhammad ascended during the Mi'raj, it is one of the oldest and mos...
The Abbasid army under Ziyad ibn Salih defeated the Chinese Tang Dynasty forces at the T...
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi wrote al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab ...
...ther of sociology and historiography, died in Cairo. His Muqaddimah introduced the concept of asabiyyah (social cohesion),...
...ule in the Balkans. Over the following centuries, Islam spread in the region through conversion and settlement. The Balkan...
...ng press in Istanbul. While printing in European languages had existed for centuries, the Ottoman ulama initially resisted...
Shah Waliullah ad-Dehlawi, one of the greatest scholars of the Indian subcont...
Muslim traders from Arabia and Persia established settlements along the...
...al standardized text of the Quran based on the compilation made during Abu Bakr's caliphate. Copies were sent to major Isl...
Shams ad-Din Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, the most prominent student ...
...having produced an astonishing body of scholarship. His 40 Hadith collection, Riyadh as-Saliheen, commentary on Sahih Musl...
Imam Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, known as Amir al-Mu'minin fi...
By the turn of the millennium, the Islamic world had reached unprecedented heights in science, medicine, mathema...
...se empire. Over the following centuries, Arab and Persian traders settled in Chinese port cities, and the Hui Muslim commu...
The Al-Aqsa Mosque was built by the Umayyad caliphs on the southern end of the Temple Mount in Jerusale...
Following the arson attack on al-Aqsa Mosque, Muslim leaders founded the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) as...
...atollah Khomeini. While a Twelver Shia political event, it had profound implications for the entire Muslim world, reigniti...
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the reformist scholar of Najd, died. His...
Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti, one of the most prolific scholars in Islamic...
The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, triggering a decade-long resistance by Afgha...
...hed a popular uprising against Israeli occupation. The Intifada brought worldwide attention to the Palestinian cause and l...
Abu Muhammad Ali ibn Hazm, the greatest scholar of the Zahiri (literalis...
...ied in Damascus. His Tafsir Ibn Kathir is the most widely read commentary on the Quran in the Sunni world, known for its u...
...ught Islam to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade. Scholars like Bilali Muhammad of Sapelo Island and Omar i...
Muhammad Abduh, the Grand Mufti of Egypt and pioneer of Islamic mode...
Muhammad Iqbal, the philosopher-poet of the East, died in Lahore. Hi...
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, the great polymath, historian, and Qur...
...n al-Ash'ari, the founder of Ash'ari theology, died in Baghdad. Initially a Mu'tazili scholar, he famously abandoned their...
...rkand. His theological school became the dominant creedal tradition among Hanafi scholars, particularly in Central Asia, t...
...d (Buwayhid) dynasty, a Shia Iranian dynasty, captured Baghdad and became the de facto rulers of the Abbasid Caliphate. Th...
...imid Caliphate. The city was planned as a royal enclave and administrative center. The Fatimids later founded al-Azhar mos...
The Seljuk Turks under Tughril Beg entered Baghdad and ended Buwayhid control. The Abbasid caliph granted Tugh...
...lk, the powerful Seljuk vizier, established the Nizamiyyah madrasa in Baghdad, the first well-documented publicly funded i...
Imam al-Haramayn Abu al-Ma'ali al-Juwayni, the leading Ash'ari theologian and Shafi'i jurist, died in Nishapur....
Crusader armies captured Jerusalem after a siege, massacring many ...
After the fall of Jerusalem, the qadi Abu Sa'd al-Harawi traveled to Baghdad to plead for help a...
Ibn Tumart, the founder of the Almohad movement in North Africa, died. His successor Abd al-Mu'min...
After Saladin's recapture of Jerusalem, the European monarchs launched ...
Saladin founded the Ayyubid dynasty after deposing the Fatimid ca...
The Fifth Crusade targeted Egypt. Crusaders captured Damietta but were event...
...zi, the prolific Hanbali scholar and preacher, died in Baghdad. He authored over 300 works spanning tafsir, hadith, fiqh, ...
Genghis Khan invaded the Khwarezmian Empire, systematically destroying Bukhara...
Jalal al-Din Muhammad al-Rumi, the great Persian poet and Sufi mystic, died in Ko...
...e Scholars, died in Cairo. He was renowned for his fearless advocacy for justice.
The Marinid dynasty replaced the Almohads as rulers of Morocco. They were great patrons of Islamic e...
Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Qurtubi, the Maliki jurist and Quran commentator, died i...
... of the Mongol Ilkhanate in Persia, converted to Islam and made it the state religion. Under Ghazan, the Ilkhanate became ...
...i al-Din ibn Daqiq al-Id, the great Shafi'i-Maliki jurist, hadith scholar, and Chief Judge of Egypt, died in Cairo.
Under Muhammad ibn Tughluq, the Delhi Sultanate reached its greatest terri...
...-Din al-Dhahabi, one of the greatest Muslim historians and hadith scholars, died in Damascus. His Siyar A'lam al-Nubala is...
...dent and companion of Ibn Taymiyyah, died in Damascus. His Zad al-Ma'ad is a comprehensive guide to the Prophet's life and...
...ting campaigns across the Muslim world, sacking Delhi, Baghdad, and defeating the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I.
Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali, a major hadith expert, died in Damascus. His Jami al-Ulum wal-Hikam is ...
Coffee drinking spread from Ethiopia through Yemen and into the broader Muslim wor...
Admiral Zheng He, a Chinese Muslim, led seven major maritime e...
...blished the Din-i Ilahi, an eclectic spiritual movement. Ahmad Sirhindi later led an Islamic renewal movement in response.
Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi, known as Mujaddid Alf-i Thani, led an Islamic rev...
Muhammad Ali Pasha, the founder of modern Egypt, modernized Egypt's ...
...ted to modernize the empire through legal, educational, and administrative changes.
...Jewish national home in Palestine, setting the stage for decades of conflict.
Egypt and Syria attacked Israeli positions during Ramadan. The Egyptian crossing of the Suez Canal restored Arab mi...
...s supporting Israel during the Yom Kippur War. Oil prices quadrupled.
The Second Intifada erupted after a provocative visit to al-Haram al-Sharif. T...
Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Rushd, the great Andalusian philosopher, jurist, and ph...
Muhammad al-Idrisi, the celebrated cartographer, died in Sicily. He ...
The Mamluk Sultan captured Acre, the last major Crusader stronghold, ending nearly two centuries of Crusader prese...
Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi, the great Maliki jurist of Granada, died. His al-Muwafaqat is the most important work on the ...
...ra'at al-Ashr is the definitive work on the ten canonical readings.
Ahmad ibn Majid, the Arab navigator known as the 'Lion of the Sea...
The Mali Empire under Mansa Musa and successors was a major center of Islamic civilization in West Africa. Timbuktu became a renowned center of Islamic learning
The Sultanate of Brunei became a major center for the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia through trade, intermarriage, an...
Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi founded the Sanussi order in Libya, combi...
Imam Shamil led decades-long resistance against Russian imperial expansion in the...
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aliga...
Muhammad Iqbal, the poet-philosopher considered the spiritual father...
...nami devastated Aceh, Indonesia, killing over 160,000 and leading to a peace agreement ending decades of conflict.
Radiocarbon dating placed Quranic manuscript fragments at Birmi...
...usuf al-Kindi, the first major philosopher in the Islamic tradition, died in Baghdad. He integrated Greek philosophy with ...
...the 'Second Teacher' after Aristotle, died in Damascus. He made fundamental contributions to logic, political philosophy, ...
...Hallaj, the controversial Sufi mystic, was executed in Baghdad. His martyrdom became a central event in Sufi history and l...
Ahmad al-Ghazali, the Sufi master and brother of Abu Hamid al-Gha...
Abdul Qadir al-Jilani, the great Hanbali jurist, preacher, and Sufi s...
Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah, the influential Hanbali scholar and reformer...
...diverting Arab pilgrimage away from the Ka'bah in Mecca. He adorned it with gold, precious stones, and ornate woodwork imp...
...ashim ibn Abd Manaf, the great-grandfather of Prophet Muhammad, established the two great trade caravans of the Quraysh re...
When Abd al-Muttalib had only one son, al-Harith, he vowed to Allah that if he were ...
...rilegious wars ended, a man from Zubayd came to Mecca for trade and was cheated by al-As ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi, who refused t...
During his youth, Prophet Muhammad worked as a shepherd tending sheep for the people of Mecca ...
Throughout his youth, the Prophet Muhammad was divinely protected from the vices and idolatrous practi...
Before their marriage, Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, a wealthy and respected merchant of Qur...
Ali ibn Abi Talib, the Prophet's young cousin who had been raised in his household, was among the very first to a...
...icularly significant because he came from the powerful Umayyad clan, which would later become one of Islam's fiercest oppo...
...sed to recant. He was one of the ten companions promised Paradise (al-Asharah al-Mubashsharah) and the Prophet called him ...
... hunger. Sa'd came to her and said: 'O mother, even if you had a hundred souls and they departed one by one, I would not l...
...ms for the cause of Islam. He was among the ten promised Paradise. After the Hijrah, the Prophet paired him in brotherhood...
... accepted Islam through Abu Bakr's invitation. While on a trading journey to Busra in Syria, a monk told him that the fina...
...slam. Through all his suffering, Bilal would only repeat 'Ahad, Ahad' (One, One), affirming the oneness of Allah. Abu Bakr...
...subjected to severe torture by Abu Jahl and other Quraysh leaders. They were taken out to the scorching desert at midday a...
...u Quhafah chided him for freeing weak, helpless slaves instead of strong men who could protect him, but Abu Bakr replied t...
... Umar ibn al-Khattab. His father, Zayd ibn Amr ibn Nufayl, had been a hanif who rejected idolatry before the coming of Isl...
...y you gathered us?' In response, Allah revealed Surah al-Masad: 'May the hands of Abu Lahab perish, and may he perish. His...
...hem who were sawn in half yet did not renounce their faith, adding: 'By Allah, Allah will complete this matter until a rid...
As the Prophet's message gained followers, the Quraysh leaders sent multiple delegations to Abu Talib demanding he rest...
...pproached the Prophet with a series of offers meant to dissuade him from his mission. He said: 'If you want wealth, we wil...
...ng inside the Ka'bah stipulating that no one would marry, trade with, or socialize with the two clans until they handed ov...
After the leaders of Ta'if rejected the Prophet's message and set children...
...ab tribes who came to Mecca for the annual pilgrimage and trade fairs at Ukaz, Majannah, and Dhul-Majaz. He would visit th...
... Khazraj tribe of Yathrib at Aqabah near Mina. They were As'ad ibn Zurarah, Awf ibn al-Harith, Rafi' ibn Malik, Qutbah ibn...
The Constitution of Medina (Sahifat al-Madinah) was a comprehensive document that established a multi-...
...y the Jewish tribes. The Prophet set regulations for fair trade that would define Islamic commercial ethics: he prohibited...
... the three Jewish tribes in combat. Their chief, Ka'b ibn Asad (or Mukhayariq according to some sources), initially agreed...
... a mutual non-aggression and mutual defense pact with Banu Nadir, one of the three major Jewish tribes of Medina. Banu Nad...
... settlements in the southeastern part of Medina, near Banu Nadir. Their chief, Ka'b ibn Asad al-Qurazi, agreed to mutual n...
...Muslims in Medina were capable of threatening their vital trade route to Syria, which passed through territory now control...
...th sides withdrew. Two members of the Quraysh force, al-Miqdad ibn Amr and Utbah ibn Ghazwan, who were secretly Muslim, de...
... with instructions not to open it until two days of travel had passed. The letter instructed him to proceed to Nakhla and ...
After the Muslim victory at Badr, the Jewish tribe of Banu Qaynuqa became openly hostile. T...
...af was a poet of mixed Arab and Jewish parentage from Banu Nadir. After the Muslim victory at Badr, he traveled to Mecca t...
...red except Ka'b ibn Zayd, who was found wounded among the dead and survived. Amr ibn Umayyah al-Damri and al-Mundhir ibn M...
A delegation from the tribes of Adal and Qarah came to the Prophet claiming their people wante...
The Prophet went to Banu Nadir's territory to discuss the payment of blood money for two...
After the Battle of Uhud, Abu Sufyan had called out to the Muslims: 'Our appointment is Badr next ye...
... thousand fighters, Huyayy ibn Akhtab of the expelled Banu Nadir went to the fortress of Ka'b ibn Asad, chief of Banu Qura...
...eception.' Nu'aym went first to Banu Qurayza, with whom he had a pre-Islamic friendship, and warned them that if the Confe...
...et marched directly to the fortresses of Banu Qurayza, who had committed treason during the siege. The Prophet besieged th...
...heir treacherous role in the al-Raji' incident, where they had betrayed and killed Muslim teachers. The Prophet kept his d...
...ibes and secure strategic routes. He sent a force to Dhu Qarad when a raiding party stole some of the Prophet's camels. He...
... a letter to Heraclius, the Byzantine Emperor. The letter read: 'In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Mercifu...
...r wording to the letter to Heraclius. When the letter was read to Chosroes and he heard that Muhammad's name preceded his ...
...jashi (Negus Ashamah ibn Abjar), the king of Abyssinia who had sheltered the Muslim emigrants years earlier. The letter in...
...e other rulers. Al-Muqawqis received Hatib with honor and read the letter respectfully. He said: 'I have considered this m...
The Prophet sent al-Ala' ibn al-Hadrami to deliver a letter to al-Mundhir ibn Sawa al-Tamimi, t...
The Prophet sent Shuja' ibn Wahb al-Asadi to deliver a letter to al-Harith ibn Abi Shimr al-Ghassani...
... Ali al-Hanafi, the chief of Yamama in central Arabia, who had adopted Christianity. Hawdhah showed some interest in the m...
...with ten thousand men, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the long-time leader of the Quraysh opposition, ventured out to gather intelli...
...phets, and ordered them all washed away. He found a pigeon made of aloe wood inside and broke it with his hands. He prayed...
....' This remarkable act of mercy was extended to people who had persecuted him, tortured his companions, killed his family ...
...lim army of twelve thousand, the largest force the Prophet had ever commanded, marched to Hunayn valley. Some Muslims felt...
...nd withdrew. Companions asked him to curse Thaqif, but instead he prayed: 'O Allah, guide Thaqif and bring them to Islam.'...
...e spoils, giving generously to the newly converted Meccan leaders (mu'allafat al-qulub) to strengthen their attachment to ...
...'s ally Banu Khuza'ah at the well of al-Watir, the Prophet made secret preparations for a march on Mecca. He sent Abu Qata...
...but the most eager to learn Islam and the Quran, as their leader. This delegation marked the end of organized pagan resist...
...phet departed from Medina for the Hajj pilgrimage. News spread throughout Arabia that the Prophet would perform Hajj, and ...
...relayed in sections by Rabi'ah ibn Umayyah ibn Khalaf, who had a powerful voice, repeating each statement to the massive g...
...ater told Umar: 'There is a verse you recite in your Book; had it been revealed to us Jews, we would have taken that day a...
...laughtered his sacrifice (one hundred camels), shaved his head, performed Tawaf al-Ifadah, and drank Zamzam water. He reso...
...ayd's army toward Syria, the Prophet began to feel ill. He had returned from visiting the graves at Baqi' cemetery late at...
When the Prophet's illness made it difficult for him to lead the congregational prayers, h...
...spite his severe illness, came out to the mosque with his head bandaged and delivered what would be his final public addre...
...praying Fajr behind Abu Bakr. The companions saw his face, radiant as a page of the Quran, and he smiled at them. Abu Bakr...
When news of the Prophet's death spread, Medina was plunged into shock and chaos. Umar ibn al-Khatt...
...(saqifah) of Banu Sa'idah to discuss succession. Sa'd ibn Ubadah, chief of the Khazraj, was proposed as leader by the Ansa...
...d the process of preparing his body. Ali ibn Abi Talib, al-Fadl ibn Abbas, his uncle Abbas, and Usamah ibn Zayd washed the...
Abu Dharr Jundab ibn Junadah of the Banu Ghifar tribe, a clan known for highway robber...
... converts to Islam. Even before the Prophet's mission, Amr had rejected idolatry, considering it irrational and beneath hu...
...sh negotiator at Hudaybiyyah who objected to writing 'Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah' in the treaty. After the Battle of...
After the death of Khadijah, the Prophet married Sawdah bint Zam'ah, a widow who ha...
...greatest scholars of Islam, transmitting over two thousand hadith. The Prophet said about her: 'The superiority of Aisha o...
...husband Khunays ibn Hudhafah died from wounds sustained at Badr, Umar sought a husband for her. He offered her in marriage...
...e nature. She was the only wife of the Prophet other than Khadijah who died during his lifetime, passing away approximatel...
...t Abi Umayyah was among the earliest converts to Islam and had migrated to Abyssinia and then to Medina with her husband A...
The Prophet sent Mu'adh ibn Jabal, one of the most learned companions in matters o...
...d: 'Is anyone missing?' The companions listed their known dead. The Prophet asked again: 'Is anyone else missing?' They sa...
... slave in Mecca, eventually coming into the possession of Khadijah, who gave him to the Prophet. The Prophet freed him and...
...rced the ship back. His wife Umm Hakim bint al-Harith, who had already accepted Islam, went to the Prophet and secured his...
...f the Quraysh. He specifically ordered that only those who had fought at Uhud the previous day could join. The wounded, ba...
...cluded, the Prophet ordered his companions to shave their heads, slaughter their sacrificial animals, and exit ihram, as t...
...d much of Sha'ban. He would spend the last ten nights of Ramadan in i'tikaf (spiritual retreat) in the mosque, seeking Lay...
...thing I failed to do: "Why didn't you do that?"' When Anas made a mistake, the Prophet would say nothing, and if someone i...
Dimad ibn Tha'labah al-Azdi was a man from Yemen who practiced ru...
...their bishop Abu Harithah ibn Alqamah and their political leader al-Aqib Abd al-Masih. The Prophet invited them to Islam, ...
...y of both Mecca and Jerusalem in Islam and confirming Muhammad's position as the seal and leader of all prophets. During t...
...rikingly handsome man, and when he entered, the Prophet spread his cloak for him to sit on and said to the companions: 'Wh...
... Peninsula. The most prominent was Musaylimah ibn Habib al-Kadhdhab (the Liar) of Banu Hanifah in Yamama, who wrote to the...
...and of Usamah ibn Zayd ibn Harithah, the son of his beloved adopted son Zayd who had been martyred at the Battle of Mu'tah...