445 results for “scholar

Seerah48 results
Foster Care with Halimah al-Sa'diyyah

...g and pure Arabic speech, the infant Muhammad was given to Halimah bint Abi Dhu'ayb of Banu Sa'd. She initially hesitated to...

Splitting of the Chest

...urified his heart and prepared him for his future mission. Halimah, alarmed by the incident, returned him to his mother Amin...

Khadijah Becomes the First Believer

...then took him to her cousin Waraqah ibn Nawfal, a Christian scholar, who confirmed this was the same angel sent to Musa. Khadij...

12 Rabi al-Awwal, 1 AHFirst Friday (Jumu'ah) Prayer

...to Medina, the Prophet ﷺ stopped at the settlement of Banu Salim ibn Awf in the valley of Ranuna and led the first Jumu'ah (...

9 Dhul-Hijjah, 10 AHRevelation of the Verse of Completion of Religion

...approaching end of the Prophet's mission and life. A Jewish scholar told Umar that had such a verse been revealed to them, they...

Dhul-Hijjah, 10 AHThe Last Verse of the Quran Revealed

Scholars differ on which verse was the last to be revealed. The str...

Founding of the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah)

...Bayt al-Hikmah into a major intellectual center in Baghdad. Scholars translated Greek, Persian, and Indian works into Arabic, p...

Founding of Al-Azhar University

...in, it remains the most prestigious center of Sunni Islamic scholarship.

Timbuktu's Golden Age of Islamic Learning

...f Islamic learning. The Sankore Mosque university attracted scholars worldwide. Mansa Musa's legendary Hajj in 1324 brought int...

Uthman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate

The Fulani scholar Uthman dan Fodio established the Sokoto Caliphate in West A...

Founding of Darul Uloom Deoband

Scholars Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi establis...

256 AHCompilation of Sahih al-Bukhari

...considered the most authentic book after the Quran by Sunni scholars.

261 AHCompilation of Sahih Muslim

...or each narration in one place set a new standard in hadith scholarship.

179 AHDeath of Imam Malik ibn Anas

Imam Malik ibn Anas, the scholar of Medina and founder of the Maliki school, died in the cit...

218 AHThe Mihna: Inquisition on the Quran's Nature

... the Mu'tazili doctrine that the Quran was created, testing scholars and imprisoning those who refused. Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal f...

505 AHDeath of Imam al-Ghazali

...d spirituality. He is credited with reviving orthodox Sunni scholarship.

700 AHIslam Spreads to Southeast Asia

Muslim traders and scholars gradually brought Islam to the Malay Archipelago, establis...

500 AHIslam Flourishes in West Africa

...d across West Africa through trans-Saharan trade routes and scholarly networks. The empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai embrace...

1176 AHShah Waliullah and Islamic Revival in India

Shah Waliullah ad-Dehlawi, one of the greatest scholars of the Indian subcontinent, passed away in Delhi. He trans...

378 AHAl-Azhar Becomes the World's First University

... Under Sunni rule, it became the preeminent center of Sunni scholarship, training scholars from across the Muslim world for ove...

751 AHDeath of Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyyah

...and Prophetic medicine made him one of the most widely read scholars in the Sunni tradition. He beautifully combined scholarly ...

676 AHDeath of Imam an-Nawawi

...t just 45 years old, having produced an astonishing body of scholarship. His 40 Hadith collection, Riyadh as-Saliheen, commenta...

852 AHDeath of Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani

...5 years to complete and remains the gold standard of hadith scholarship.

400 AHPeak of the Islamic Golden Age

... mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and literature. Muslim scholars translated and preserved Greek works, made original contri...

297 AHEstablishment of the Fatimid Caliphate

... Despite being Shia, the Fatimids generally tolerated Sunni scholarship and built al-Azhar mosque (later a Sunni institution). ...

1206 AHDeath of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the reformist scholar of Najd, died. His call to return to pure monotheism and re...

911 AHDeath of Imam as-Suyuti

Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti, one of the most prolific scholars in Islamic history, died in Cairo. He authored over 500 wo...

900 AHMuslim Scholars' Influence on the European Renaissance

The European Renaissance was significantly fueled by the translation of Arabic scientific and philosophical texts into Latin, particularly through Muslim Spain

456 AHDeath of Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi

Abu Muhammad Ali ibn Hazm, the greatest scholar of the Zahiri (literalist) school, died in exile in souther...

774 AHDeath of Ibn Kathir

Imam Isma'il ibn Umar ibn Kathir, the renowned Shafi'i scholar and historian, died in Damascus. His Tafsir Ibn Kathir is t...

1100 AHEarly Muslim Presence in the Americas

...Islam to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade. Scholars like Bilali Muhammad of Sapelo Island and Omar ibn Said pr...

324 AHDeath of Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari

...of Ash'ari theology, died in Baghdad. Initially a Mu'tazili scholar, he famously abandoned their rationalist theology and devel...

333 AHDeath of Abu Mansur al-Maturidi

...l school became the dominant creedal tradition among Hanafi scholars, particularly in Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, an...

392-416 AHGhaznavid Invasions of India

...hment of Islam in the Punjab region. Mahmud also patronized scholars including al-Biruni and Ferdowsi.

421 AHAl-Biruni's Study of India

...aking his work a remarkable early example of cross-cultural scholarship and comparative religion.

571 AHDeath of Ibn Asakir

... volumes and contains biographical entries for thousands of scholars.

597 AHDeath of Ibn al-Jawzi

Abu al-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi, the prolific Hanbali scholar and preacher, died in Baghdad. He authored over 300 works s...

660 AHDeath of al-Izz ibn Abd al-Salam

Izz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam, known as the Sultan of the Scholars, died in Cairo. He was renowned for his fearless advocacy ...

702 AHDeath of Ibn Daqiq al-Id

...in ibn Daqiq al-Id, the great Shafi'i-Maliki jurist, hadith scholar, and Chief Judge of Egypt, died in Cairo.

748 AHDeath of Imam al-Dhahabi

...l-Dhahabi, one of the greatest Muslim historians and hadith scholars, died in Damascus. His Siyar A'lam al-Nubala is a monument...

771 AHDeath of Taj al-Din al-Subki

Taj al-Din al-Subki, the Shafi'i scholar and Chief Judge of Damascus, died. He authored Tabaqat ash-...

911 AHDeath of Imam al-Suyuti the Polymath

Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, one of the most prolific scholars in Islamic history with over 500 works, died in Cairo. His...

1176 AHDeath of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi

...hah Waliullah of Delhi, one of the most influential Islamic scholars of the 18th century, died. His intellectual legacy shaped ...

728 AHDeath of Ibn Taymiyyah

Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah, the influential Hanbali scholar and reformer, died in prison in Damascus. His funeral was a...

The Prophet as a Shepherd in His Youth

... flock, and an intimate knowledge of the Arabian landscape. Scholars have noted that shepherding prepared all the prophets for ...

A Group of Jinn Accept Islam at Nakhla

...not limited to humans but extended to all of creation. Some scholars note that groups of jinn visited the Prophet on multiple o...

11 AHThe Prophet Appoints Abu Bakr to Lead the Prayer

...wn next to him, praying seated while Abu Bakr led standing. Scholars of Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah consider this appointment as ...

1 AHThe Prophet's Marriage to Aisha bint Abi Bakr

...as exceptionally intelligent and became one of the greatest scholars of Islam, transmitting over two thousand hadith. The Proph...

People160 results
sahabiAisha bint Abi Bakr

Wife of the Prophet and one of the greatest scholars of Islam, narrating over 2,200 hadith.

tabiiAl-Hasan al-Basri

...y. Al-Hasan al-Basri was a towering figure in early Islamic scholarship whose circle in Basra shaped theology, jurisprudence, a...

tabiiAz-Zuhri

One of the greatest hadith scholars in Islamic history and the first to systematically compile...

tabiiQatadah ibn Diamah

A blind Tabii scholar of Basra renowned for his knowledge of tafsir and hadith.

tabiiAyyub as-Sakhtiyani

...her in the Basran school of hadith, transmitting from major scholars like Nafi' and Ibn Sirin.

tabiiTawus ibn Kaysan

A leading scholar of Yemen among the Tabiin, student of Ibn Abbas.

tabiiSalim ibn Abdullah

Grandson of Umar and one of the seven fuqaha of Medina, known for his strict following of the Sunnah.

tabi_tabiial-Awzai

The leading scholar of the Levant whose madhab was dominant in Syria and al-And...

tabi_tabiial-Layth ibn Sad

The leading scholar of Egypt in his time, said by some to be more knowledgeable...

tabi_tabiiLayth ibn Sa'd

The greatest scholar of Egypt in his era, whom ash-Shafi'i considered more knowl...

tabi_tabiiSufyan ibn Uyaynah

A leading muhaddith and scholar of Mecca, teacher of ash-Shafii and many hadith masters.

tabi_tabiiAbdullah ibn al-Mubarak

A polymath scholar praised as 'the scholar of the East,' combining mastery of ...

tabi_tabiiYahya ibn Sa'id al-Qattan

...he standards for evaluating narrator reliability that later scholars like al-Bukhari and Muslim built upon. Ahmad ibn Hanbal co...

classicalIbn al-Mubarak

A versatile scholar excelling in hadith, fiqh, jihad, and asceticism, called th...

classicalHarun ar-Rashid

...aliph who presided over the Islamic Golden Age. A patron of scholars and learning who established the legendary Bayt al-Hikmah ...

classicalImam Abu Isa at-Tirmidhi

Compiler of Jami at-Tirmidhi, notable for including scholarly evaluations and fiqh discussions with each hadith. A stud...

classicalIbn Qutaybah

A polymath and leading authority on Arabic literature, Quranic sciences, and hadith interpretation. His works Adab al-Katib and Ta'wil Mukhtalif al-Hadith remai

classicalal-Khattabi

Author of Maalim as-Sunan, one of the earliest commentaries on Sunan Abu Daw...

classicalIbn Abdul-Barr

A leading Maliki scholar of al-Andalus, author of at-Tamhid and al-Istiab on compani...

classicalIbn Hazm

Andalusian scholar and founder of the Zahiri school in al-Andalus, author of a...

classicalal-Baghawi

Author of Maalim at-Tanzil (tafsir) and Sharh as-Sunnah, called the Reviver ...

classicalIbn al-Arabi al-Maliki

Maliki judge and scholar of Seville, author of Ahkam al-Quran on legal rulings from ...

classicalAbdul-Qadir al-Jilani

Hanbali scholar and preacher of Baghdad whose sermons drew thousands, known...

classicalas-Samani

Author of al-Ansab, a biographical dictionary organizing scholars by their nisbah (geographic/tribal attribution).

classicalIbn al-Jawzi

A prolific Hanbali scholar and preacher of Baghdad, author of over 700 works.

classicalal-Izz ibn Abd as-Salam

Called Sultan al-Ulama (Sultan of the Scholars), a fearless Shafii scholar who stood up to rulers.

medievalAl-Biruni

Muslim polymath and one of the greatest scholars in Islamic history. Authored over 140 works spanning astro...

medievalImam Abu Hamid al-Ghazali

One of the most influential scholars in Islamic history. Known as Hujjat al-Islam (Proof of Isl...

medievalAbu al-Hasan ash-Shadhili

Moroccan scholar and founder of the Shadhili Sufi order, one of the most wid...

medievalIbn Malik

...mmar. It has been memorized, studied, and commented upon by scholars for over seven centuries.

medievalJalal ad-Din ar-Rumi

Persian scholar, jurist, and one of the most celebrated poets in history. H...

medievalIbn Jamaah

Chief judge of Egypt and a prominent Shafii scholar.

medievalAhmad ibn Ataillah as-Sakandari

Egyptian Maliki scholar and the third master of the Shadhili Sufi order. Author of ...

medievalIbn Taymiyyah

One of the most influential scholars in Islamic history, a Hanbali jurist, theologian, and refo...

medievalBaha' ad-Din an-Naqshbandi

Central Asian scholar and founder of the Naqshbandi Sufi order, one of the most i...

medievalZayn ad-Din al-Iraqi

A leading hadith scholar who authored al-Mughni an Haml al-Asfar, tracing the hadith...

medievalTaj ad-Din as-Subki

Shafii scholar and author of Tabaqat ash-Shafiiyyah al-Kubra, the largest ...

medievalIbn Rajab al-Hanbali

A major Hanbali scholar, author of Jami al-Ulum wal-Hikam (commentary on the 40+2 h...

medievalKhalil ibn Ishaq

...tome of Maliki fiqh. It became the standard text for Maliki scholarship in North and West Africa for centuries.

medievalash-Shatibi

Maliki scholar who pioneered the study of Maqasid ash-Shariah (objectives ...

medievalal-Mahalli

Shafii scholar who began Tafsir al-Jalalayn, later completed by his studen...

ottomanMuhammad al-Fatih

...fulfilling the prophecy of the Prophet. A patron of Islamic scholarship and architecture who spoke multiple languages and studi...

ottomanIbn an-Najjar al-Futuhi

A major Hanbali scholar of usul al-fiqh and author of Muntaha al-Iradat.

ottomanMulla Ali al-Qari

A prolific Hanafi scholar of Mecca who authored Mirqat al-Mafatih, the most extensive...

ottomanas-Sanani

Yemeni scholar and author of Subul as-Salam, a major commentary on hadith ...

ottomanShah Waliullah Dehlawi

The most influential scholar of the Indian subcontinent, translator of the Quran into Pe...

ottomanMuhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

A Hanbali scholar from Najd who led a revival movement emphasizing tawhid (mo...

ottomanash-Shawkani

Yemeni scholar and author of Nayl al-Awtar, a comprehensive hadith comment...

modernSiddiq Hasan Khan

Indian scholar and ruler (Nawab of Bhopal through marriage). A prolific au...

modernAbdul-Hayy al-Lacknawi

Indian Hanafi scholar and hadith expert, author of at-Taliq al-Mumajjad on al-Muw...

modernAbdul-Hayy al-Laknawi

Indian Hanafi scholar and muhaddith who authored over 100 works in his short life...

modernAhmad Rida Khan

Indian Hanafi scholar and founder of the Barelvi movement. Author of Fatawa Ridaw...

modernShams al-Haqq al-Azimabadi

Indian hadith scholar and author of Awn al-Ma'bud, a major commentary on Sunan Ab...

modernAshraf Ali Thanwi

Indian Hanafi scholar and leading figure of the Deobandi school, known as Hakim a...

modernMuhammad Rashid Rida

Syrian-Egyptian scholar and publisher of al-Manar journal, continued the reform mov...

modernAbu al-Ala al-Mubarakpuri

...e and widely used commentary on Jami at-Tirmidhi. An Indian scholar of the Ahl al-Hadith tradition.

modernMuhammad Anwar Shah al-Kashmiri

Kashmiri scholar and head teacher of hadith at Darul Uloom Deoband. Known fo...

modernMuhammad Zahid al-Kawthari

Ottoman-era Hanafi scholar who served as deputy to the last Shaykh al-Islam of the Ott...

modernMuhammad Ilyas al-Kandhlawi

Indian scholar and founder of the Tablighi Jama'at, one of the largest Isl...

modernAbdul-Rahman as-Sa'di

Saudi scholar and author of Taysir al-Karim ar-Rahman, a widely read tafs...

modernAhmad Shakir

Egyptian hadith scholar who produced critical editions of Musnad Ahmad and Sunan at...

modernMuhammad Hamid al-Fiqqi

Egyptian scholar who founded the Ansar as-Sunnah al-Muhammadiyyah organizati...

modernAbdurrahman al-Muallimi

Yemeni hadith scholar and researcher at Umm al-Qura Library, known for his critic...

modernMuhammad Amin ash-Shanqiti

Mauritanian scholar and author of Adwa' al-Bayan, a tafsir that explains the Qu...

modernAli at-Tantawi

Syrian scholar, judge, and prolific writer known for his literary style an...

modernAbdul-Aziz ibn Baz

Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, a major Hanbali scholar known for his fatwas, teaching, and charitable works.

modernMuhammad Nasir ad-Din al-Albani

One of the foremost hadith scholars of the modern era, spending decades grading thousands of h...

modernAbdul-Fattah Abu Ghuddah

Syrian Hanafi hadith scholar who produced critical editions of major hadith works.

modernYusuf al-Qaradawi

Egyptian-Qatari scholar and chairman of the International Union of Muslim Scholars....

modernAhmad ibn Yahya an-Najmi

Saudi scholar and former Mufti of the southern region of Saudi Arabia. Kn...

modernShuayb al-Arnaut

Albanian-Syrian hadith scholar who produced definitive critical editions of Musnad Ahmad, ...

modernMuhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen

A major Hanbali scholar known for his extensive commentary on jurisprudence and the...

modernMuhammad al-Amin al-Herari

Ethiopian-born Shafi'i scholar who settled in Mecca and became a leading authority in Shaf...

modernWahba az-Zuhayli

Syrian scholar and author of al-Fiqh al-Islami wa-Adillatuhu, a comprehens...

modernRabi' al-Madkhali

Saudi scholar and former head of the Sunnah department at the Islamic Uni...

modernWahbah az-Zuhayli

Syrian scholar and author of al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuh, a comprehensi...

modernSalih al-Fawzan

Senior Saudi scholar and member of the Council of Senior Scholars, author of al-...

modernMuqbil al-Wadii

Yemeni hadith scholar who established Dar al-Hadith in Dammaj, known for strict h...

modernAbdullah ibn Jibrin

Saudi scholar known for his extensive fatwa collection and teaching.

modernMuqbil ibn Hadi al-Wadi'i

Yemeni hadith scholar who established Dar al-Hadith in Dammaj, Yemen. Known for h...

modernAbdul-Muhsin al-Abbad

Saudi hadith scholar and former vice-chancellor of the Islamic University of Med...

modernMuhammad Taqi Usmani

Pakistani Hanafi scholar, former judge of the Shariah Appellate Bench, and a leading...

modernBakr Abu Zayd

Saudi scholar and member of the Council of Senior Scholars, author of wor...

modernNuh Ha Mim Keller

American convert to Islam and Shafi'i scholar based in Amman. Translated the Reliance of the Traveller (U...

modernMuhammad al-Hasan Walad ad-Dadaw

Mauritanian polymath scholar known for his encyclopedic knowledge across all Islamic sci...

modernMuhammad ibn Adam al-Kawthari

British Hanafi scholar and founder of Darul Iftaa, known for contemporary fiqh rul...

medievalAisha bint Muhammad ibn Abd al-Hadi

One of the most prominent female hadith scholars of the 8th-9th century AH, who held ijazahs from major sch...

medievalFatimah bint Sa'd al-Khayr

A distinguished female hadith scholar from the Hanbali tradition who narrated from major authorit...

ottomanash-Sha'rani

Egyptian Sufi scholar and prolific author known for 'al-Tabaqat al-Kubra' and 'al...

modernNawawi al-Bantani

The most influential Southeast Asian Islamic scholar, based in Mecca, whose commentaries on classical texts are ...

modernAhmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi

Minangkabau scholar who served as Imam of the Shafi'i school at Masjid al-Haram...

modernHamka

Indonesian Islamic scholar, author, and political figure, known for his major Quran co...

modernAhmad Bamba

Senegalese Sufi scholar and founder of the Muridiyyah order, known for his pacifist...

modernUthman dan Fodio

Fulani scholar, reformer, and founder of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the ...

modernAbdullah ibn Fudi

Brother of Uthman dan Fodio, a major West African scholar, poet, and military commander of the Sokoto Caliphate.

modernNana Asma'u

Daughter of Uthman dan Fodio and a celebrated female scholar, poet, and educator who established women's education netwo...

modernMuhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti

Leading Syrian Shafi'i scholar and professor at Damascus University, author of numerous in...

modernAli Gomaa

Former Grand Mufti of Egypt, Shafi'i jurist and Azhari scholar known for his traditional Islamic scholarship and engagemen...

modernAbdal Hakim Murad

British Muslim scholar, Dean of the Cambridge Muslim College, and one of the most ...

modernHabib Umar bin Hafiz

Yemeni scholar and founder of Dar al-Mustafa in Tarim, one of the most inf...

modernHabib Ali al-Jifri

Yemeni-Emirati Islamic scholar, media personality, and founder of the Tabah Foundation for...

modernMuhammad Awwamah

Syrian hadith scholar based in Medina, renowned for his critical editions of clas...

modernAbdullah al-Ghumari

...hadith master and prolific author known for his independent scholarly methodology and expertise in hadith criticism.

modernManzoor Nomani

Indian Deobandi scholar and author of 'Ma'arif al-Hadith,' a popular hadith compila...

classicalRabi'a al-Adawiyyah

Pioneering female Sufi saint of Basra, celebrated for her doctrine of pure, selfless love of God.

classicalAbu Bakr al-Ajurri

Classical scholar of aqeedah and ethics, author of 'ash-Shari'ah,' a foundati...

classicalal-Lalika'i

Shafi'i scholar and author of 'Sharh Usul I'tiqad Ahl as-Sunnah,' a foundat...

classicalAbu Uthman as-Sabuni

Shafi'i scholar of Nishapur, author of 'Aqidat as-Salaf wa Ashab al-Hadith'...

classicalIbn Abi ad-Dunya

Prolific Baghdadi scholar who authored hundreds of works on Islamic ethics, asceticis...

ottomanaz-Zabidi

Indian-born scholar who settled in Cairo, author of 'Taj al-Arus,' the largest ...

medievalAbu Shamah al-Maqdisi

Shafi'i historian and scholar of Damascus, teacher of an-Nawawi, author of 'ar-Rawdatayn'...

classicalal-Hakim at-Tirmidhi

Early Sufi scholar and author of 'Khatm al-Awliya' (The Seal of the Saints), a...

ottomanIbn Ashir

Moroccan Maliki scholar, author of 'al-Murshid al-Mu'in,' a widely memorized didact...

ottomanal-Akhdari

Algerian Maliki scholar, author of 'al-Sullam al-Munawraq' on logic and 'Mukhtasar ...

medievalIbn Juzayy al-Gharnati

Andalusian Maliki scholar and author of 'at-Tashil li Ulum at-Tanzil,' a popular Qura...

medievalal-Jurjani

...and 'Kitab at-Ta'rifat,' an essential dictionary of Islamic scholarly terminology.

medievalIbn al-Mulaqqin

Prolific Egyptian Shafi'i jurist and hadith scholar, one of the most productive authors in Islamic history.

medievalal-Haythami

Egyptian hadith scholar, author of 'Majma az-Zawa'id,' a comprehensive compilation ...

medievalIbn al-Wazir

Yemeni scholar known for advocating return to the Quran and Sunnah, author...

ottomanas-Salihi ash-Shami

Damascene scholar and author of 'Subul al-Huda war-Rashad,' one of the most c...

modernMuhammad al-Yaqoubi

Syrian scholar from a distinguished scholarly family, known for his tradit...

modernHamza Yusuf

American Muslim scholar, co-founder of Zaytuna College, widely regarded as one of t...

modernZainab al-Ghazali

Egyptian Islamic activist and author, founder of the Muslim Women's Association and author of 'Return of the Pharaoh' about her imprisonment.

medievalal-Izz ibn Abd as-Salam

Known as 'Sultan al-Ulama' (Sultan of the Scholars), a Shafi'i jurist renowned for his courage in confronting...

modernAbd al-Qadir Isa

Syrian Shadhili scholar and author of 'Haqa'iq an at-Tasawwuf' (Realities of Sufism...

modernal-Lucknawi

Indian Hanafi prodigy who authored over 100 scholarly works before dying at age 39, renowned for his encycloped...

modernal-Kashmiri

Indian Deobandi scholar celebrated for his extraordinary memory and his hadith comm...

classicalAbu al-Qasim al-Kinani

Historian and hadith scholar of Jurjan, author of 'Tarikh Jurjan,' a major biographical ...

classicalal-Harawi al-Ansari

Hanbali scholar of Herat and author of 'Manazil as-Sa'irin' (Stations of th...

ottomanAbd ar-Ra'uf as-Singkili

Acehnese scholar who studied in Arabia and became the leading Islamic author...

ottomanal-Amir as-San'ani

Yemeni scholar and author of 'Subul as-Salam,' the famous commentary on Ib...

ottomanal-Munawi

Egyptian scholar and author of 'Fayd al-Qadir,' the most extensive commentar...

ottomanIsma'il Haqqi al-Bursawi

Ottoman Sufi scholar and mufassir, author of 'Ruh al-Bayan,' a comprehensive Qur...

ottomanal-Khadimi

Ottoman Hanafi scholar, author of 'Bariqa Mahmudiyyah,' a commentary on 'at-Tariqa...

medievalIbn Amir Hajj

Hanafi scholar from Aleppo, author of 'at-Taqrir wat-Tahbir,' an important...

ottomanal-Laqqani

Egyptian Maliki scholar and author of 'Jawharat at-Tawhid,' a famous creed poem on ...

ottomanSalih al-Fulani

West African Fulani scholar who settled in Medina and authored 'Iqa dh al-Himam,' a wor...

ottomanAbu al-Hasan Ali al-Fasi

Moroccan Maliki scholar of Fez and author of a commentary on the Mukhtasar of Khali...

ottomanImam al-Haddad

Yemeni Ba'Alawi scholar and Sufi master from Tarim, author of influential spiritual...

modernal-Habashi

Hadhrami Ba'Alawi scholar who authored 'Simthut Thahabin,' a devotional poem for the ...

ottomanMuhammad Hayat as-Sindhi

Sindhi hadith scholar based in Medina who taught Shah Waliullah Dehlawi and Muham...

modernAbu al-Hasan an-Nadwi

Indian Islamic scholar and author of 'Madha Khasira al-Alam bi Inhitat al-Muslimin...

modernMustafa al-Bugha

Syrian Shafi'i scholar and professor at Damascus University, known for his accessi...

modernMuhammad al-Ghazali as-Saqqa

Egyptian Islamic scholar and thinker, author of numerous influential books on Islami...

ottomanIbn al-Imad al-Hanbali

Hanbali scholar and author of 'Shadharat adh-Dhahab,' a major biographical ...

medievalIbn Abd al-Hadi

Hanbali hadith scholar and student of Ibn Taymiyyah who died young but left import...

medievalDiya' ad-Din al-Maqdisi

Hanbali hadith scholar from the Maqdisi family of Damascus, compiler of 'al-Ahadit...

modernash-Shawkani

Yemeni scholar and advocate of ijtihad, author of 'Nayl al-Awtar,' a maste...

modernal-Mubarakfuri (Tuhfah)

Indian hadith scholar, author of 'Tuhfat al-Ahwadhi,' the most comprehensive comm...

modernAbd al-Hayy al-Hasani

Indian scholar and author of 'Nuzhat al-Khawatir,' an eight-volume biograp...

modernYusuf an-Nabhani

... and prolific author of works defending traditional Islamic scholarship and collecting prophetic praises.

modernTahir ibn Ashur

Tunisian Maliki scholar and Grand Mufti, author of 'at-Tahrir wat-Tanwir,' a major ...

modernal-Khudari

Egyptian scholar and historian, author of popular works on Islamic history, ...

modernAbd al-Qadir al-Arna'ut

Syrian hadith scholar of Albanian origin, renowned for his critical editions of c...

modernAli al-Qaradaghi

Kurdish-Qatari scholar and Secretary General of the International Union of Muslim ...

modernMusa Shahin Lashin

Egyptian Azhari scholar and author of 'Fath al-Mun'im,' a modern commentary on Sahi...

modernAbdul-Fattah Abu Ghuddah

Syrian Hanafi hadith scholar and editor, known for his critical editions of classical ha...

modernAbdullah Siraj ad-Din

Syrian scholar from Aleppo, author of works on the attributes of the Proph...

modernMustafa al-Khin

Syrian Shafi'i scholar and professor at Damascus University, co-author of 'al-Fiqh...

modernHasan Ayyub

Egyptian Islamic scholar and author of popular, accessible books on fiqh, seerah, an...

Books110 results
Imam at-TirmidhiJami at-Tirmidhi

...at-Tirmidhi. Notable for grading each hadith and mentioning scholarly differences.

Jalal ad-Din al-Mahalli & Jalal ad-Din as-SuyutiTafsir al-Jalalayn

...-Suyuti. A concise and widely studied tafsir written by two scholars both named Jalal ad-Din.

Imam an-NawawiSharh an-Nawawi on Sahih Muslim

... Sahih Muslim. Covers fiqh rulings, hadith terminology, and scholarly opinions.

Imam Ahmad ibn HanbalMusnad Ahmad

...he had memorized. The Musnad is a primary source for hadith scholars and contains many narrations not found in the six canonica...

Abdur-Razzaq as-San'aniMusannaf Abdur-Razzaq

... hadith compilations in Islam, compiled by the great Yemeni scholar Abdur-Razzaq ibn Hammam. Contains over 21,000 narrations, p...

Ibn Hajar al-AsqalaniBulugh al-Maram

...collections, noting their grades and the opinions of hadith scholars regarding their authenticity. One of the most widely taugh...

Ibn HibbanSahih Ibn Hibban

...oximately 7,500 hadith. The work is highly valued by hadith scholars for its methodology and for preserving many narrations wit...

Al-Hakim an-NaysaburiAl-Mustadrak ala as-Sahihayn

...collections. Contains approximately 8,800 narrations. While scholars like adh-Dhahabi noted that al-Hakim was sometimes lenient...

Imam al-QurtubiTafsir al-Qurtubi (Al-Jami li-Ahkam al-Quran)

... legal rulings (ahkam) from the Quran. Al-Qurtubi, a Maliki scholar, presents opinions from all four schools of fiqh, making th...

Imam al-BaghawiTafsir al-Baghawi (Ma'alim at-Tanzil)

By Imam al-Baghawi. A moderately sized tafsir that strikes a balance between the narration-based approach of at-Tabari and the more concise style of later works

Ibn al-JawziZad al-Masir fi Ilm at-Tafsir

.... A medium-length tafsir that excels in presenting multiple scholarly opinions concisely. Ibn al-Jawzi, the great Hanbali polym...

Muhammad al-Amin ash-ShinqitiAdwa al-Bayan

...lf (tafsir al-Quran bil-Quran). Ash-Shinqiti, a Mauritanian scholar of immense erudition, combined Quranic cross-referencing wi...

Abu Bakr ibn al-ArabiAhkam al-Quran (Ibn al-Arabi)

.... Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi, the prominent Andalusian judge and scholar (not to be confused with the Sufi Ibn Arabi), provides deta...

Imam ash-Shafi'iAl-Umm

...nd qiyas. The work also contains ash-Shafi'i's debates with scholars of other schools, making it a valuable source for comparat...

Ibn Rushd (Averroes)Bidayat al-Mujtahid

...o its evidence. An indispensable text for understanding why scholars differ.

Imam an-NawawiAl-Majmu Sharh al-Muhadhdhab

...c in scope, discussing the evidence from Quran, Sunnah, and scholarly consensus for each ruling and presenting opinions from al...

Ibn AbidinRadd al-Muhtar (Hashiyat Ibn Abidin)

...l-Mukhtar. Ibn Abidin synthesized centuries of Hanafi legal scholarship and provided definitive resolutions to disputed questio...

Al-MardawiAl-Insaf fi Ma'rifat ar-Rajih min al-Khilaf

...ting opinions transmitted from Imam Ahmad and later Hanbali scholars, then identified the strongest position for each issue. An...

Imam at-TahawiAl-Aqeedah at-Tahawiyyah

...beliefs of Ahl us-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah in a concise text that scholars of all four schools have endorsed. It covers the attribute...

Ibn TaymiyyahAl-Aqeedah al-Hamawiyyah

...ing them (ta'til), citing extensive evidence from the early scholars. The work is a major reference in Athari theology.

Ibn TaymiyyahMinhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah

By Ibn Taymiyyah. A detailed response to the Shia scholar Ibn al-Mutahhar al-Hilli's Minhaj al-Karamah. Ibn Taymiyyah...

Ibn KhuzaymahKitab at-Tawhid (Ibn Khuzaymah)

...c. It represents the methodology of the early Ahl al-Hadith scholars in establishing creed through authentic narrations rather ...

Al-Lalika'iSharh Usul I'tiqad Ahl us-Sunnah

...ns from the Prophet, the Companions, the Tabi'in, and later scholars of Ahl us-Sunnah, organized by theological topic. Al-Lalik...

Abdullah al-AthariAl-Wajiz fi Aqidat as-Salaf as-Salih

...edal texts. Useful as both a study text and a reference for scholars and students.

Ibn KhaldunAl-Muqaddimah (Prolegomena)

...nization, and political power. The work transcended Islamic scholarship and influenced modern Western social sciences.

Qadi IyadAsh-Shifa

...racles of the Prophet Muhammad. Qadi Iyad, the great Maliki scholar of al-Andalus, compiled everything related to the Prophet's...

Ibn KhallikanWafayat al-A'yan (Deaths of Eminent Men)

...res from across the Islamic world. Ibn Khallikan, a Kurdish scholar and judge, combined scholarly precision with elegant prose,...

Ibn Rajab al-HanbaliJami al-Ulum wal-Hikam

...rrations, fiqh rulings, and spiritual lessons. The depth of scholarship far exceeds a typical hadith commentary, making this wo...

Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali, Ibn al-Qayyim & al-GhazaliTazkiyat an-Nafs (Purification of the Soul)

...i. A compiled work drawing from the writings of three major scholars on the purification of the soul. It covers the diseases of...

Ibn ManzurLisan al-Arab

... for classical Arabic lexicography and is indispensable for scholars of tafsir, hadith, and Arabic literature.

Imam al-GhazaliAl-Mustasfa min Ilm al-Usul

...ect, lineage, and property) profoundly influenced all later scholarship on the maqasid ash-shariah.

Ibn HazmAl-Fisal (The Separator)

...in classical Islamic literature. Ibn Hazm, the great Zahiri scholar of Andalusia, critically examines Judaism, Christianity, Zo...

Al-MizziTahdhib al-Kamal

...sive biographical dictionary of hadith narrators in Islamic scholarship. Al-Mizzi compiled detailed entries for every narrator ...

Imam as-SuyutiTadrib ar-Rawi

...pt in hadith sciences with abundant examples from classical scholarship. The work covers chain analysis, narrator criticism, ty...

Imam an-NawawiAl-Minhaj Sharh Sahih Muslim

... on hadith methodology, narrator biographies, and points of scholarly consensus and disagreement. This work complemented his Mi...

Ibn al-JawziTalbis Iblis (The Devil's Deceptions)

...s people from every walk of life. Ibn al-Jawzi examines how scholars, worshippers, ascetics, Sufis, merchants, rulers, and comm...

Ibn al-JawziSifat as-Safwah (Attributes of the Elite)

...e. The work covers prophets, companions, tabi'in, and later scholars, organized chronologically and geographically.

Qadi IyadAsh-Shifa (The Healing)

...Muhammad in Islamic literature. Qadi Iyad, the great Maliki scholar of Ceuta, compiled everything related to the Prophet's uniq...

Various scholarsAl-Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyyah (Legal Maxims)

By Various scholars. A compilation of the fundamental legal maxims upon which ...

Shah Waliullah ad-DihlawiHujjat Allah al-Balighah (The Conclusive Argument from God)

...and practice. Shah Waliullah, the great 18th-century Indian scholar, sought to demonstrate that every ruling in Islam serves a ...

Ibn TaymiyyahMajmu' al-Fatawa (Collection of Fatwas)

... virtually every topic in Islam. Collected and organized by scholars after his death, this 37-volume work covers creed, worship...

Ibn TaymiyyahIqtida as-Sirat al-Mustaqim

...ukhalafah), the evidence from the Quran and Sunnah, and the scholarly consensus on maintaining the unique identity of the Musli...

Muhammad ibn Abdul WahhabKashf ash-Shubuhat (Removal of Doubts)

...ing Quranic verses, hadith, and the statements of classical scholars as evidence. The work is a companion text to his Kitab at-...

Ibn Hajar al-HaytamiTuhfat al-Muhtaj

...ides extensive evidence from the Quran, Sunnah, and earlier scholars.

Ibn Nujaym al-MisriAl-Bahr ar-Ra'iq

...nd is a standard reference in Egyptian and Levantine Hanafi scholarship.

Imam ash-ShurunbulaliMaraqi al-Falah

...on his Nur al-Idah, expanding on each ruling with evidence, scholarly reasoning, and practical details. Widely used as an inter...

Imam al-BaydawiAnwar at-Tanzil (Tafsir al-Baydawi)

...lamic world, especially in Ottoman-era and Turkish-speaking scholarly circles. Al-Baydawi combined the linguistic insights of a...

Abu al-Barakat an-NasafiMadarik at-Tanzil (Tafsir an-Nasafi)

...dawi while maintaining Maturidi theology. Popular in Hanafi scholarly circles, especially in Central Asia and the Indian subcon...

Abu as-Su'ud al-ImadiIrshad al-Aql as-Salim (Tafsir Abu as-Su'ud)

By Abu as-Su'ud al-Imadi. A literary and theological masterpiece of Quranic exegesis by the Grand Mufti of the Ottoman Empire. Abu as-Su'ud combined deep lingui

Imam at-TabaraniAl-Mu'jam al-Kabir

... in the six major collections. A critical source for hadith scholars seeking comprehensive evidence and alternative chains.

Ali al-HujwiriKashf al-Mahjub

...ian, it remains a standard reference in South Asian Islamic scholarship.

Ibn HibbanRawdat al-Uqala

...dom, anecdotes, and etiquettes compiled by the great hadith scholar Ibn Hibban. The work covers topics such as intelligence, pa...

Al-Khatib al-BaghdadiAl-Kifayah fi Ilm ar-Riwayah

...riticism. Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, one of the greatest hadith scholars of Baghdad, covers the conditions for accepting narrators,...

Ibn KathirAs-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah

...lly evaluating the chains of narration for each incident. A scholarly yet readable account of the Prophet's life.

Imam as-Salihi ash-ShamiSubul al-Huda war-Rashad

... of material makes it an indispensable reference for seerah scholars.

Ibn al-HumamFath al-Qadir

...gal analysis. Ibn al-Humam, one of the greatest late Hanafi scholars, brings the methods of the hadith scholars to bear on Hana...

Al-Khatib ash-ShirbiniMughni al-Muhtaj

...thorough analysis make it the preferred commentary for many scholars, alongside Tuhfat al-Muhtaj by Ibn Hajar al-Haytami.

Imam ar-RamliNihayat al-Muhtaj

...) provides meticulous legal analysis. When Egyptian Shafi'i scholars cite 'the relied-upon opinion,' they typically follow ar-R...

Imam as-SuyutiAl-Iklil fi Istinbat at-Tanzil

...zing the ayat by jurisprudential topic. As-Suyuti shows how scholars derive fiqh rulings from Quranic verses, demonstrating the...

Ibn Abd al-BarrAt-Tamhid

...explains its legal implications, and discusses the views of scholars from all madhabs. A monumental achievement in hadith schol...

Al-Khatib al-BaghdadiTarikh Baghdad

By Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi. A biographical dictionary of the scholars, hadith narrators, jurists, and notable figures who lived ...

Ibn TaymiyyahMajmu al-Fatawa (detailed)

... across 37 volumes, it represents one of the most extensive scholarly outputs in Islamic history.

Taj ad-Din as-SubkiTabaqat ash-Shafi'iyyah al-Kubra

.... The most comprehensive biographical dictionary of Shafi'i scholars, from Imam ash-Shafi'i himself through the author's contem...

Abd al-Qadir al-QurashiAl-Jawahir al-Mudiyyah

...rashi. The most important biographical dictionary of Hanafi scholars, covering the lives and works of jurists from the school's...

Ibn FarhunAd-Dibaj al-Mudhahhab

... Ibn Farhun. The standard biographical dictionary of Maliki scholars, covering the lives and contributions of jurists from Imam...

Ibn BadranAl-Madkhal ila Madhab al-Imam Ahmad

... jurisprudence covering its methodology, terminology, major scholars, key texts, and the development of the school from Imam Ah...

Imam al-JuwayniAl-Burhan fi Usul al-Fiqh

...f maqasid (objectives) of Islamic law that influenced later scholars like ash-Shatibi.

Az-ZamakhshariTafsir al-Kashshaf

...z-Zamakhshari held Mu'tazili theological views (which later scholars identified and corrected), his linguistic insights remain ...

Mufti Muhammad ShafiMa'arif al-Quran

...contemporary issues while remaining grounded in traditional scholarship. Translated into English as an 8-volume set.

Al-MawardiAl-Hawi al-Kabir

... reasoning. It remains a key reference for advanced Shafi'i scholarship.

Badr ad-Din al-AyniUmdat al-Qari

...rt to Ibn Hajar's Fath al-Bari. Al-Ayni, a contemporary and scholarly rival of Ibn Hajar, provides detailed linguistic analysis...

Imam ash-Shafi'iKitab al-Umm (Shafi'i Fiqh Compendium)

...detailed legal reasoning on every major topic, debates with scholars from other schools, and forms the primary source for under...

Abu Nu'aym al-IsfahaniHilyat al-Awliya

...ighteous, from the companions through the tabi'in and later scholars. Abu Nu'aym records their worship, asceticism, knowledge, ...

Ibn al-Qayyim al-JawziyyahI'lam al-Muwaqqi'in (detailed)

... provides hundreds of examples of how the Prophet and early scholars applied flexible reasoning.

Wahbah az-ZuhayliAl-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuh

...discussing modern applications. This work bridges classical scholarship and contemporary needs, widely used in universities and...

Rahmatullah al-KairanawiIzhar al-Haqq

...the Bible and argues for the truth of Islam. Al-Kairanawi's scholarship and use of European biblical criticism made this one of...

Muhammad at-Tahir ibn AshurMaqasid ash-Shari'ah

..., not merely a subsidiary of usul al-fiqh. His work renewed scholarly interest in purpose-based legal reasoning.

Muhammad at-Tahir ibn AshurTafsir at-Tahrir wat-Tanwir

...n Ashur. A monumental modern tafsir that combines classical scholarship with maqasid-based analysis. Ibn Ashur pays special att...

Sayyid QutbFi Zilal al-Quran (In the Shade of the Quran)

...ing on its relevance to modern life and society. While some scholarly positions are debated, its powerful prose style has made ...

Fakhr al-Din al-Zayla'iTabyin al-Haqaiq

... with evidence from hadith and the opinions of early Hanafi scholars.

Imam al-NawawiRawdat al-Talibin

...d the positions, making it a standard reference for Shafi'i scholars.

Imam al-GhazaliAl-Wajiz fi al-Fiqh

...ali. A concise manual of Shafi'i jurisprudence by the great scholar al-Ghazali. It became the basis for al-Rafi'i's monumental ...

Ala' al-Din al-MardawiAl-Insaf

...tributed to Imam Ahmad, making it indispensable for Hanbali scholarship.

al-MubarakpuriTuhfat al-Ahwadhi

...ensive commentary on Jami' al-Tirmidhi by the Indian hadith scholar al-Mubarakpuri. It provides detailed explanations of hadith...

Jalal al-Din al-SuyutiSharh Sunan al-Nasai

...legal implications in the tradition of al-Suyuti's prolific scholarship.

Jamal al-Din al-MizziTahdhib al-Kamal

...omprehensive work on hadith narrator biographies in Islamic scholarship. Al-Mizzi refined and expanded al-Maqdisi's earlier Kam...

Ibn Hajar al-AsqalaniTaqrib al-Tahdhib

...t became the most practical quick-reference tool for hadith scholars assessing narrator reliability.

Shams al-Din al-DhahabiSiyar A'lam al-Nubala

...abi's contemporaries. It contains biographies of over 5,000 scholars, rulers, and notable figures.

Jalal ad-Din as-SuyutiAl-Itqan fi Ulum al-Quran

...odology. As-Suyuti synthesized the findings of all previous scholars in the field into this encyclopedic reference.

Abu al-Qasim at-TabaraniAl-Mu'jam al-Awsat

...any unique (gharib) hadiths not found in other collections. Scholars value it particularly for its rare chains of transmission.

Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn KhuzaymahSahih Ibn Khuzaymah

...ork survives, but it remains an important source for hadith scholars.

Shams ad-Din adh-DhahabiTadhkirat al-Huffaz

...panions to adh-Dhahabi's own time. Each entry describes the scholar's training, teachers, students, notable works, and rank in ...

Muhammad ibn Ahmad ad-DusuqiHashiyat ad-Dusuqi ala ash-Sharh al-Kabir

...mmentary, this forms the standard reference pair for Maliki scholars in North and West Africa.

Shams ad-Din ar-RamliNihayat al-Muhtaj ila Sharh al-Minhaj

...tive, and where he and Ibn Hajar al-Haytami differ, Shafi'i scholars in Egypt and the Hijaz generally follow ar-Ramli.

Ibn Hajar al-HaytamiTuhfat al-Muhtaj fi Sharh al-Minhaj

...nd deeply analytical. Where he and ar-Ramli differ, Shafi'i scholars in South Arabia, India, and Southeast Asia generally follo...

Ala ad-Din al-MardawiAl-Insaf fi Ma'rifat ar-Rajih min al-Khilaf

...o the school's methodology. It is indispensable for Hanbali scholars and muftis.

Muhammad ibn Jarir at-TabariTarikh at-Tabari (History of Prophets and Kings)

...ains of transmission (isnad) for each event, allowing later scholars to evaluate the reliability of the reports. This methodolo...

Abu Talib al-MakkiQut al-Qulub (Nourishment of Hearts)

... systematic spiritual development, bridging the gap between scholars and mystics.

Taj ad-Din as-SubkiTabaqat ash-Shafi'iyyah al-Kubra

.... The most comprehensive biographical dictionary of Shafi'i scholars, covering over 1,500 entries from Imam ash-Shafi'i to as-S...

Ibn KhallikanWafayat al-A'yan (Deaths of Eminent Men)

...covering approximately 865 notable figures from all fields: scholars, poets, physicians, rulers, and more. Ibn Khallikan's eleg...

Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ariAl-Ibanah an Usul ad-Diyanah

...n which he affirms the theology of Imam Ahmad and the early scholars. This work is significant for understanding al-Ash'ari's f...

Ibn Abi al-Izz al-HanafiSharh al-Aqidah at-Tahawiyyah

...vidence from Quran, Sunnah, and the statements of the early scholars. This commentary leans toward the Athari/Salafi theologica...

Wahbah az-ZuhayliAl-Wajiz fi Usul al-Fiqh

...l al-fiqh in accessible academic language while maintaining scholarly rigor, covering sources of law, linguistic analysis, lega...

Sayf ad-Din al-AmidiAl-Ihkam fi Usul al-Ahkam

...nized treatise that became the standard reference for later scholars. Many subsequent usul works are essentially commentaries o...

Zayn ad-Din al-MalibariFath al-Mu'in bi Sharh Qurrat al-Ayn

...studied in South and Southeast Asia. Al-Malibari, an Indian scholar, provides a detailed commentary that became the basis for t...

Abu Bakr ad-DimyatiI'anat at-Talibin

...ical guidance that make the work accessible to students and scholars alike.

Abu Umar ibn Abd al-BarrAl-Kafi fi Fiqh Ahl al-Madinah

...rehensive Maliki fiqh manual by the great Andalusian hadith scholar Ibn Abd al-Barr. Unlike his other works which are comparati...

Ibn Juzayy al-KalbiAl-Qawanin al-Fiqhiyyah

...ch issue in a clear, organized format. Ibn Juzayy, a Maliki scholar from Granada, created an accessible reference that allows r...

Ibn Hazm al-AndalusiAl-Muhalla bil-Athar

...directly from Quran, Sunnah, and consensus. Even non-Zahiri scholars consult this work for its rigorous hadith analysis and uni...

Ibn Qayyim al-JawziyyahAl-Wabil as-Sayyib min al-Kalim at-Tayyib

By Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah. A beautiful treatise on dhikr and its 70+ benefits for the heart and soul.

Articles77 results
TheologyBid'ah — Innovation in Religion

What constitutes religious innovation, the scholarly difference between good and bad innovation, and its bound...

WorshipSalat at-Tarawih — Ramadan Night Prayers

...rayers of Ramadan: their origin, number of rak'ahs, and the scholarly discussion.

JurisprudenceIjtihad — Independent Legal Reasoning

When and how scholars exercise independent reasoning to derive new rulings from ...

JurisprudenceQiyas — Analogical Reasoning in Islamic Law

The fourth source of Islamic law: how scholars derive new rulings by analogy to existing ones.

JurisprudenceIjma — Scholarly Consensus

The third source of Islamic law: what constitutes consensus, its authority, and famous examples throughout history.

HistoryAl-Andalus — Islamic Spain

... Muslim rule in Iberia: Cordoba, convivencia, architecture, scholarship, and the Reconquista.

HadithHadith Classification — Grades and Categories

How scholars grade hadith: sahih, hasan, da'if, and mawdu. The criteria...

QuranNaskh — Abrogation in the Quran and Sunnah

The concept of abrogation: what it means, scholarly views, examples, and common misconceptions.

HistoryOttoman Scholars and Their Contributions

The intellectual tradition of the Ottoman Empire, from Sheyhulislam fatwas to advances in astronomy, architecture, and law.

FinanceThe Eight Categories of Zakat Recipients

... groups eligible for zakat as mentioned in Quran 9:60, with scholarly rulings on distribution.

HistoryAisha bint Abi Bakr: Scholar of the Ummah

The remarkable scholarship of Aisha, who narrated over 2,200 hadiths and was a lea...

JurisprudenceUsul al-Fiqh: Foundations of Islamic Jurisprudence

An introduction to the principles scholars use to derive rulings from the Quran, Sunnah, ijma, and qi...

JurisprudenceMustalah al-Hadith: The Science of Hadith Classification

How scholars classify hadiths as sahih, hasan, and da'if, and the metho...

QuranProphet Musa (Moses): The Kalimullah

The life of Musa, from his rescue as an infant to confronting Pharaoh, the parting of the sea, and receiving the Torah on Mount Sinai.

HistoryImam Abu Hanifa: The Great Imam

The life and legacy of the founder of the Hanafi school, the oldest and largest madhab in Sunni Islam.

HistoryImam Malik ibn Anas: The Scholar of Madinah

The life and methodology of the Maliki school's founder, author of al-Muwatta, the earliest surviving hadith collection.

HistoryImam ash-Shafii: The Architect of Usul al-Fiqh

The scholar who systematized Islamic legal theory and wrote al-Risala, ...

HistoryImam Ahmad ibn Hanbal: The Champion of Sunnah

The imam who endured the mihnah (inquisition) for refusing to accept the createdness of the Quran and compiled the Musnad.

HistoryImam al-Bukhari and His Sahih Collection

The extraordinary methodology of Imam al-Bukhari, who selected 7,275 hadiths from 600,000 narrations for the most authentic hadith book.

HistoryImam Muslim and His Sahih Collection

The methodology and structure of Sahih Muslim, considered the second most authentic hadith compilation after Sahih al-Bukhari.

EducationSeeking Knowledge: An Obligation in Islam

The Prophet said seeking knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim. The types of knowledge, their priority, and the etiquette of the student.

JurisprudencePrayer of the Traveler: Qasr and Jam

...n shortening and combining prayers, with the conditions and scholarly opinions.

JurisprudenceTayammum: Dry Ablution When Water Is Unavailable

The conditions, method, and scholarly rulings on performing ablution with clean earth when wate...

FamilyBreastfeeding in Islamic Law: Ridaa and Its Legal Effects

...ates mahram relationships in Islam, the conditions, and the scholars' positions.

TheologyThe Athari Creed: The Way of the Salaf in Aqeedah

... of the Athari theological methodology, its principles, key scholars, and relationship to Ash'ari and Maturidi schools.

EducationLogic (Mantiq) in the Islamic Intellectual Tradition

..., adaptation, and debate over Aristotelian logic in Islamic scholarship and its role in the religious sciences.

JurisprudenceThe Debate Over Music in Islam

The scholarly positions on the permissibility of music and singing in I...

HistoryIslamic Civilization's Contributions to Humanity

A survey of how Muslim scholars advanced human knowledge in science, medicine, mathematics...

HadithAn Overview of Hadith Methodology (Mustalah al-Hadith)

How Muslim scholars developed a rigorous science for authenticating and classi...

JurisprudenceIjtihad and Taqlid: Independent Reasoning and Following Scholarship

...s of independent juristic reasoning and following qualified scholars, and the balance between them.

HistoryIbn Taymiyyah: Scholar, Reformer, and Controversialist

...enduring influence of one of Islam's most cited and debated scholars.

HistoryImam al-Ghazali: The Proof of Islam

The life, intellectual journey, and transformative works of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, one of Islam's greatest thinkers.

WorshipMasah: Wiping Over Socks in Wudu

... socks during ablution, including conditions, duration, and scholarly opinions.

WorshipSunnah Prayers (Rawatib) Before and After Obligatory Salah

...ying each of the five daily prayers, their virtues, and the scholarly consensus on their importance.

WorshipSujud al-Tilawah: The Prostration of Recitation

...ion upon reciting or hearing specific Quran verses, and the scholarly differences on its ruling.

FinanceZakat on Business and Trade Goods

...iness assets, and trade goods, with calculation methods and scholarly opinions.

FamilyThe Wali: The Marriage Guardian in Islamic Law

The role of the marriage guardian, who qualifies, the scholarly differences on whether the wali is a condition of a valid...

FamilyThe Islamic Wedding and Walimah (Wedding Feast)

The Sunnah of publicizing marriage, the walimah feast, its rulings, recommended practices, and common inn...

FinanceRiba: A Detailed Study of the Prohibition of Interest

...f riba (al-fadl and al-nasiah), its economic harms, and the scholarly consensus.

ScienceOrgan Donation and Transplantation in Islamic Law

The scholarly debate on organ donation, the conditions under which it i...

ScienceCloning and Genetic Engineering: An Islamic Perspective

...stinction between therapeutic and reproductive cloning, and scholarly rulings.

HistoryImam al-Nawawi: His Life and Legacy

The biography of one of Islam's greatest scholars, author of Riyad al-Salihin and the Forty Hadith, his asce...

HistoryIbn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: Scholar of the Heart

The life and works of Ibn al-Qayyim, his relationship with Ibn Taymiyyah, his contributions to Islamic spirituality, medicine, and jurisprudence.

HistoryImam al-Dhahabi: The Historian of Islam

...Mizan al-I'tidal, and his critical approach to biographical scholarship.

JurisprudenceMaslahah: Public Interest in Islamic Jurisprudence

...), its use as a supplementary source of law, the conditions scholars placed on it, and debates on its scope.

EthicsTafakkur: The Art of Reflection in Islam

The Quranic call to reflect on creation, the scholars' emphasis on contemplation as worship, and how tafakkur de...

QuranMakki and Madani Surahs: Characteristics and Themes

How scholars distinguish between surahs revealed in Mecca and Medina, t...

QuranNasikh wa Mansukh: Abrogation in the Quran

...laced by later ones, the types of abrogation, examples, and scholarly debate on its scope.

QuranMuhkam and Mutashabih: Clear and Ambiguous Verses

...hose precise interpretation is known only to Allah, and how scholars approach each type.

QuranTafsir bil-Ra'y: Reason-Based Interpretation

The methodology of interpreting the Quran through scholarly reasoning and ijtihad, its conditions for validity, and t...

QuranHuruf al-Muqatta'at: The Disjointed Letters

... combinations that open 29 surahs of the Quran, the various scholarly interpretations offered, and why they remain among the Qu...

HadithJarh wa Ta'dil: The Science of Narrator Criticism

How hadith scholars evaluated the reliability and trustworthiness of narrators...

HadithHow Hadith Scholars Authenticate Narrations

...step-by-step methodology used by classical and contemporary scholars to verify the chain and text of a hadith, including checki...

HadithMusnad Ahmad: The Largest Hadith Collection

... containing over 27,000 hadith and its importance in hadith scholarship.

HadithFabricated Hadith: Identifying and Rejecting Forgeries

The historical reasons hadith were fabricated, the methods scholars use to detect forgeries, and famous examples of widely cir...

HadithThe Forty Hadith of Imam al-Nawawi

... the core principles of Islam, compiled by the 13th-century scholar Imam al-Nawawi.

HadithTadlis: Hidden Defects in Hadith Chains

...the chain or the identity of a narrator, its types, and how scholars detect and handle it.

HadithMatn Criticism: Analyzing the Text of Hadith

How scholars evaluate the content of a hadith beyond the chain of narra...

HadithWomen Hadith Scholars Throughout Islamic History

The significant role women played in transmitting and teaching hadith, from Aisha bint Abi Bakr to Fatimah al-Bataihiyyah, and how no female narrator was ever a

EthicsTawbah: The Conditions of Sincere Repentance

The four conditions scholars have identified for a valid repentance: ceasing the sin, r...

EthicsTawakkul: True Reliance on Allah

...of tying the camel, and the levels of tawakkul described by scholars.

EthicsUjb: The Disease of Self-Amazement

..., knowledge, or worship, how it differs from pride, and the scholars' advice for treating it.

EthicsThe Islamic Etiquette of Disagreement

How the Companions and scholars disagreed with respect and maintained brotherhood, the dif...

HistorySa'id ibn al-Musayyib: The Master of the Tabi'in

The life and scholarship of the leading Tabi'i of Madinah, his deep knowledge of...

HistoryHasan al-Basri: The Sage of Basra

The legendary Tabi'i known for his eloquence, piety, and scholarship, whose circles in Basra produced some of Islam's greate...

HistoryIbn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: Scholar of the Heart and Mind

The prolific student of Ibn Taymiyyah whose works on spirituality, theology, and jurisprudence remain widely read, especially his Madarij al-Salikin.

HistoryIbn Khaldun: The Father of Sociology and Historiography

The 14th-century North African scholar whose Muqaddimah pioneered the study of history as a scienc...

HistoryFatimah al-Fihri: Founder of the World's Oldest University

The story of the woman who founded al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco, in 859 CE, recognized as the oldest existing and continually operating university.

HistoryAisha bint Abi Bakr: The Greatest Woman Scholar

Aisha's unparalleled contributions to hadith transmission, jurisprudence, and Arabic poetry, and how the greatest Companions consulted her on difficult matters.

HistoryIbn Hazm: The Andalusian Polymath

The scholar of Cordoba who authored works on theology, jurisprudence, c...

HistoryImam al-Nawawi: A Life of Scholarship and Piety

The Syrian scholar who died at 45 but left enduring works including Riyad al-S...

HistoryAl-Idrisi: The World's Greatest Medieval Geographer

The Muslim scholar who created the most accurate map of the world in the 12th ...

SpiritualityMahabbah: The Love of Allah

The highest station of the spiritual path according to many scholars, how love of Allah is cultivated, and the signs that it ha...

SpiritualityDiseases of the Heart: Diagnosis and Treatment

...of the world, and anger, and the remedies prescribed by the scholars.

SpiritualityIkhlas: Sincerity as the Key to Acceptance of Deeds

...le ways sincerity can be compromised, and the advice of the scholars on purifying one's intentions.

SocietyIslamic Psychology: Understanding the Self Through Quran and Sunnah

How classical Islamic scholarship developed a sophisticated understanding of human psycho...

FinanceZakat in the Modern Economy: New Rulings for New Realities

How scholars apply zakat rulings to stocks, cryptocurrencies, retiremen...

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Ash'ari

...ng the seven essential attributes of Allah. The majority of scholars historically followed this creed.

Maturidi

...ari school with minor differences. Predominant among Hanafi scholars, especially in Central Asia, Turkey, and the Indian subcon...

Mu'tazilah

...Notorious for the Mihna (inquisition) where they persecuted scholars who refused to accept the createdness of the Quran. Imam A...

Qadariyyah

...ill independent of Allah's will. Opposed by the majority of scholars. The first to introduce this view was Ma'bad al-Juhani (d....

Jahmiyyah

...e fatalism (jabr). Strongly refuted by Imam Ahmad and other scholars of the Salaf.

Ahmadiyya (Qadiani)

...biyyin). Considered outside of Islam by consensus of Muslim scholars.

Salafi Movement

...eistic practices. Diverse internally, ranging from quietist scholars to activist movements.

Deobandi

...i creed. Known for its emphasis on hadith study and Islamic scholarship. Influential in South Asia, with institutions worldwide...

Barelvi

A Sunni movement originating from the scholarship of Ahmad Rida Khan of Bareilly, India (d. 1921). Follow...

Druze

...-Hakim and reincarnation. Not considered Muslims by Islamic scholarship. Found mainly in Lebanon, Syria, and Israel.

Quranists (Quran-Only)

...the Quran. This position is unanimously rejected by Islamic scholars across all madhabs, as the Quran itself commands obedience...

Wahhabism

...ts who prefer 'Salafi' or simply 'Muslim.' Mainstream Sunni scholars have both praised and criticized various aspects of the mo...

Hanbali School

...dominant in Saudi Arabia and Qatar. It produced influential scholars like Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn al-Qayyim, and Ibn Rajab. Despite ...

Zahiri School

...fluenced modern Islamic legal thought and some contemporary scholars draw on Zahiri methodology.

Jariri School

...st adherents. Al-Tabari's comprehensive approach to Islamic scholarship is preserved in his surviving works.

Qadiriyya Sufi Order

...oday. The order is known for its inclusive approach and its scholars' contributions to both exoteric and esoteric Islamic scien...

Mevlevi Order (Whirling Dervishes)

...ely associated with Ottoman court culture and produced many scholars, poets, and musicians. Though officially dissolved with th...

Progressive Islam

... Arabian social norms. The movement is diverse and includes scholars, activists, and intellectuals primarily in Western countri...

Deobandi Movement

...hasizes strict adherence to the Hanafi school, hadith-based scholarship, and opposition to religious innovations.

Druze

... Israel, and Jordan. Considered separate from Islam by most scholars.

Quranists (Quran Alone)

...n. This position is rejected by the vast majority of Muslim scholars.

Traditional Islam Movement

...emporary movement advocating revival of traditional Islamic scholarship, including madhab adherence, Ash'ari/Maturidi theology,...

Salafi-Jihadism

...ed struggle. It is condemned by the vast majority of Muslim scholars and organizations and represents a tiny minority among Mus...

Madkhali Salafism

...and opposition to all political activism. Named after Saudi scholar Rabi al-Madkhali.